* * * * *
BY AUGUSTUS DE MORGAN
A BUDGET OF PARADOXES
REPRINTED WITH THE AUTHOR'S ADDITIONS FROM THE ATHENAEUM
SECOND EDITION EDITED BY DAVID EUGENE SMITH
WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION BY ERNEST NAGEL
PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
UNABRIDGED EDITION--TWO VOLUMES BOUND AS ONE
Volume I
DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC., NEW YORK
* * * * *
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
(1872)
It is not without hesitation that I have taken upon myself the editorship of a work left avowedly imperfect by the author, and, from its miscellaneous and discursive character, difficult of completion with due regard to editorial limitations by a less able hand.
Had the author lived to carry out his purpose he would have looked through his Budget again, amplifying and probably rearranging some of its contents. He had collected materials for further illustration of Paradox of the kind treated of in this book; and he meant to write a second part, in which the contradictions and inconsistencies of orthodox learning would have been subjected to the same scrutiny and castigation as heterodox ignorance had already received.
It will be seen that the present volume contains more than the _Athenaeum_ Budget. Some of the additions formed a Supplement to the original articles. These supplementary paragraphs were, by the author, placed after those to which they respectively referred, being distinguished from the rest of the text by brackets. I have omitted these brackets as useless, except where they were needed to indicate subsequent writing.
Another and a larger portion of the work consists of discussion of matters of contemporary interest, for the Budget was in some degree a receptacle for the author's thoughts on any literary, scientific, or social question. Having grown thus gradually to its present size, the book as it was left was not quite in a fit condition for publication, but the alterations which have been made are slight and few, being in most cases verbal, and such as the sense absolutely required, or transpositions of sentences to secure coherence with the rest, in places where the author, in his more recent insertion of them, had overlooked the connection in which they stood. In no case has the meaning been in any degree modified or interfered with.
One rather large omission must be mentioned here. It is an account of the quarrel between Sir James South and Mr. Troughton on the mounting, etc. of the equatorial telescope at Campden Hill. At some future time when the affair has passed entirely out of the memory of living Astronomers, the appreciative sketch, which is omitted in this edition of the Budget, will be an interesting piece of history and study of character.[1]
A very small portion of Mr. James Smith's circle-squaring has been left out, with a still smaller portion of Mr. De Morgan's answers to that Cyclometrical Paradoxer.
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A Budget of Paradoxes, Volume I by De Morgan
- 2: The unbroken sequence of items that form the Budget
- 3: The various histories of mathematics
- 4: A budget of paradoxes 1 introductory
- 5: It is Spinoza's Philosophia Scripturae Interpres
- 6: I have not set down Copernicus
- 7: Talk to any squarer of the circle
- 8: Read an article by me on the quadrature
- 9: Shakespeare an object of contempt as to learning
- 10: Further vibration produced Mercury
- 11: When he has selected his contributor
- 12: Especially in the case of omission
- 13: If the alteration were only an omitted adverb
- 14: Thomson was a man who never would have discovered humor
- 15: It was law that Le Seigniour poit rob
- 16: The Astronomical Society were to receive from A
- 17: The nibbling at the small end of omniscience
- 18: A very second rate sort of Newton
- 19: The Amphisbaena serpent was supposed to have two heads
- 20: And Zachary decided in favor of Virgil
- 21: The proceeding against Galileo
- 22: Buridan was for free will that is
- 23: 22 on the 41 authority of Eutocius
- 24: Bovillus on the quadrature problem
- 25: At which time Lacomme could neither read nor write
- 26: Which appeared after the death of Agrippa
- 27: Is this more correct than Oronce Fine
- 28: Hic ergo bellus artifex Tuam quadravit aream
- 29: They knowing nothing about Bungus
- 30: With Galloway at the bookcase before me
- 31: By Scioppius 69 the celebrated scholar
- 32: 72 Thus Morhof says of the De Monade
- 33: Of thomas gephyrander salicetus
- 34: Calls him Salicetus Westphalus
- 35: Gruenberger had verified Van Ceulen
- 36: Equidem Thomae Fieni epistolica quaestio
- 37: Having the suspicious word cyclometricus
- 38: As by that 78 art of algebra in geometry
- 39: If he had waited for the Novum Organum
- 40: In coupling together observare re and observare mente
- 41: 127 on meteorological observatories
- 42: Founded a Baconian observatory at Greenwich
- 43: We repeat that Bacon is soundly wise
- 44: Si tamen attentius rem consideremus
- 45: Cujus finis ignoratur scirique nequit
- 46: A strong Copernican and Pope hater
- 47: The original is also of 1698
- 48: Huyghens had been preceded by Fontenelle
- 49: Hippolitus obiit quia novercae creditum est
- 50: Aliud circulo BCD non esse majora triginta sex segmenta BCDF
- 51: Tanto plus poterit ambitus polygoni quam ambitus circuli
- 52: 222 D'Israeli 223 sets down Gadbury
- 53: Renati Francisci Slusii Mesolabum
- 54: Contrived to pass for a geometer
- 55: Beaugrand not only secretary to the king
- 56: Which always spells it chymistry but so
- 57: Ampliatie en demonstratie wegens de Quadrature
- 58: Theologiae Christianae Principia Mathematica
- 59: Whiston 276 and Humphry Ditton
- 60: This volume is of 981 good folio pages
- 61: I discovered two anagrams on his name
- 62: Newton's de mundi systemate liber
- 63: Socinianism consists in omissions
- 64: The Paradoxes were introduced into Bacon's works in 1730
- 65: As Symington 317 did to Fulton
- 66: Analyse de la Quadrature du Cercle
- 67: Is the celebrated business of Troughton Simms
- 68: As used by Newton and the best of his followers
- 69: Horne quotes Rowning 340 as follows 156 Mr
- 70: Montucla's work on the quadrature
- 71: Montucla was nothing of a bibliographer
- 72: Perhaps Erichsen meant that the L30
- 73: Lettres sur l'Atlantide de Platon
- 74: A likely book to want an Edimbourg godfather
- 75: 379 The work cited is the Erreurs
- 76: The maxims of Mary Wollstonecraft are now
- 77: Parr lay his hand upon his heart
- 78: The results of Hone's trials William Hone
- 79: Which humble petition Hone kindly granted
- 80: They are published by Hone himself
- 81: Hone might say this without notice
- 82: Kai pas christianos hei christianos kakos
- 83: Though not equal to the Repository Tracts
- 84: The Religious Tract Society in 1863 republished some of H
- 85: 440 Though Flatterwell be an 195 allegory of the devil
- 86: As any Cambridge Calendar up to 1841 will show
- 87: Thought Cobbett had been hardly used
- 88: Son of John Simson of Kirktonhill
- 89: Maseres was inveterately honest
- 90: Seems to have written absurdly about hydrostatics
- 91: For everything was done in Pontemaca by the number three
- 92: Epistemon and Panurge went up to Pantagruel
- 93: And himself took their leaves of the wise men of Pontemaca
- 94: Here all the company unanimously cried out against the Swede
- 95: Back came he to Hecla in despair
- 96: He was a little too impatient as the caldron frothed up
- 97: An actuary may be allowed to be accurate in this matter
- 98: In the manner of the artificial numbers of logarithms
- 99: Brauardini Thomae Geometria speculativa
- 100: 518 or at least a theory of Karsten
- 101: The lowest point is moving upwards
- 102: Kittle gives a list of some Hutchinsonians
- 103: He says his evidence is cumulative
- 104: Phillips himself was not only an anti Newtonian
- 105: And on him has been conferred a pension of 300l
- 106: Relative to the proximate causes of material phenomena
- 107: Without renouncing the New Testament
- 108: Wronski on the longitude problem
- 109: Which was shown him by Milner himself
- 110: The theory of the Whizgig considered
- 111: But the whole five may be included in Judoth Ishcarioth
- 112: Walsh introduced himself to me
- 113: In mechanics the parallelogram of forces is quackery
- 114: With its tomfoolery superstructure
- 115: The list of arithmetical books
- 116: Rather more slowly than the ignorant community
- 117: As by the diploma or certificate
- 118: An anonymous correspondent spells cabbala as follows
- 119: And then I remembered that a pyx is a sacred vessel
- 120: Godfrey Higgins began life by exposing and conquering
- 121: Choix de propositions mathematiques
- 122: Almanach Romain sur la Loterie Royale de France
- 123: That 42 and 81 should be drawn
- 124: 048 is the proportion of heads
- 125: Being an attempt to get rid of axioms altogether
- 126: Referring to the hoax about Mr
- 127: Demonville in my possession are as follows
- 128: Troisieme partie du vrai systeme du monde
- 129: And by all the Newtonian philosophers
- 130: Called from his estate de la Leu
- 131: THE NEW NAUTICAL ALMANAC Extract from the 'Primum Mobile
- 132: When he was called to order by the Focal Body
- 133: Luminary who had risen before him
- 134: And the luminaries elongated at 2 h
- 135: Here's Gauss 671 who's Gauss
- 136: Not appearing against Sir Isaac when he came up
- 137: Stevinus is great in the Mecanique Analytique of Lagrange
- 138: Beseeching help Finleyson pulled out the arrow
- 139: If two parties both drink of the elixir
- 140: Par Thomas Ignace Marie Forster
- 141: Who is well known as a meteorologist
- 142: Longley passed from Durham to York
- 143: Until a letter from Nicollet to M
- 144: Infinity being represented by infinity
- 145: But in analyzing the syllogism
- 146: The logicians will not see that their formal proposition
- 147: It follows that 10 Xs at least are Zs
- 148: The rule of erasure is universal
- 149: As illustrating an etiquette of controversy
- 150: Some doggerel and counter doggerel
- 151: Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
- 152: The writer declares all private provision un Christian
- 153: The above is an outrageous quadrature
- 154: Combination of the Zodiacal and Cometical Systems
- 155: And makes 666 in the most straightforward way
- 156: Had an intention of altering Easter next year
- 157: The first afterwards obtained the name of Quartadecimans
- 158: Soon after the time of the Nicene Council
- 159: 235 average lunations make 6939 days 16 hours 31 minutes
- 160: In each cycle of golden numbers Clavius
- 161: 7 When the Epact is greater than 23
- 162: When the Epact is greater than 23
- 163: A Budget of Paradoxes, Volume I by De Morgan
- 164: A Budget of Paradoxes, Volume I by De Morgan
- 165: But if any one will examine the real Nicene Creed
- 166: A story about Christopher Clavius
- 167: 761 mathematician at Leipzick
- 168: Even though the French refugees clustered in Spitalfields
- 169: But he belonged to a society of mathematicians
- 170: For I'll drink my bottle a day
- 171: Bessel remarked that the motions of Uranus
- 172: Of the Royal Observatory at Berlin
- 173: Which the Astronomer Royal immediately supplied
- 174: The prosecutor was a youngish looking person
- 175: But I told Bruennow exactly how he'd be crouched down
- 176: He and Muggleton are the two witnesses
- 177: Fox and Muggleton are men of one type
- 178: A pamphlet shows how to pay the National Debt
- 179: Said a friend I don't know curiae
- 180: De Morgan's Memoir of Augustus De Morgan
- 181: Or Benedict de Spinoza as he later called himself
- 182: The French word bareme or barreme
- 183: Or Charles Bouvelles Boueelles
- 184: Ioannes Germanus de Regiomonte
- 185: 60 Archytas of Tarentum 430 365 B
- 186: The first edition appeared at Bergamo in 1583 84
- 187: 79 Salicetti Quadratura circuli nova
- 188: 98 Christoph Klau Clavius was born at Bamberg in 1537
- 189: The name of Prester John signifies Great Lord
- 190: The Meteorologicorum libri VI
- 191: 116 So in the original for Tycho Brahe
- 192: And a report was written by Cauchy
- 193: Was one of the first to champion the theories of Copernicus
- 194: Demonstration of the threefold motion of the earth
- 195: 165 This was John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune 1801 1851
- 196: 181 Athanasius Kircher 1602 1680
- 197: And Cogitata physico mathematica 1644
- 198: And the friendship was helpful to Schumacher
- 199: Or his Hobbianae quadraturae circuli
- 200: 219 John Graunt 1620 1674 was a draper by trade
- 201: Vulgo character universalis et lingua philosophica
- 202: 241 He refers to the Joannis de Beaugrand
- 203: His commentary appeared at Amsterdam in 1671
- 204: 255 Johann Baptist van Helmont
- 205: His mathematical works include the Methodus Figurarum
- 206: Poincare looked blank and said
- 207: Of which Faustus Socinus probably drew the first sketch
- 208: But Newcomen improved upon it and made it practical
- 209: Who studied under Johann Bernoulli I
- 210: He denied the Newtonian hypothesis as dangerous to religion
- 211: And au 18e siecle posthumous
- 212: This was Charles Antoine Jombert 1712 1784
- 213: And Lettres sur l'origine des peuples de l'Asie 1775
- 214: 382 Jacques Cassini 1677 1756
- 215: But Parr edited an edition of his works in 1787
- 216: Was a fellow prisoner with Thelwall
- 217: One of the greatest of the neo Platonists
- 218: The Rambler was published in 1750 1752
- 219: 439 Beilby Porteus 1731 1808
- 220: Headmaster of Harrow 1805 1829
- 221: 469 Charles Babbage 1792 1871
- 222: Euler also gave a proof in his Miscellanea Analytica 1773
- 223: To which sect Paley had a strong leaning
- 224: This Petro Ciruelo was born in Arragon
- 225: Published his Theorie der Parallellinien in 1801
- 226: Horace says Credat Judaeus Apella
- 227: 1759 to which De Morgan refers
- 228: 1786 1844 was a London actuary
- 229: He then studied at Oriel College
- 230: Hinc beta t log phi phi z
- 231: And was first published at Norwich in 1823
- 232: For a while he taught under Pestalozzi
- 233: 606 Joseph Jacotot 1770 1840
- 234: Theorie des functions analytiques 1797
- 235: Sheepshanks admitted this second charge
- 236: 647 Claude Mydorge 1585 1647
- 237: Gauss was born in 1777 and died in 1855
- 238: The Lamentationes obscurorum virorum
- 239: And the Hoax appeared in that journal in 1835
- 240: 709 Sir William Rowan Hamilton 1805 1865
- 241: 723 Everett 1784 1872 was at that time a good Wesleyan
- 242: Headed On the Earliest Printed Almanacs
- 243: A la librairie encyclopedique de Roret
- 244: 768 Thomas Simpson 1710 1761
- 245: 785 Jean le Rond D'Alembert 1717 1783
- 246: Director of the Cambridge observatory
- 247: Muggleton wrote a Transcendant Spirituall Treatise 1652
