A Catechism of the Steam Engine by Bourne
Page 1 of 224
CONTENTS.
Classification of Engines.
Nature and uses of a Vacuum.
Velocity of falling Bodies and Momentum of moving Bodies.
Central Forces.
Centres of Gravity, Gyration, and Oscillation.
The Pendulum and Governor.
The Mechanical Powers.
Friction.
Strength of materials and Strains subsisting in Machines.
CHAP. I.--GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STEAM ENGINE.
The Boiler.
The Engine.
The Marine Engine.
Screw Engines.
The Locomotive Engine.
CHAP. II.--HEAT, COMBUSTION, AND STEAM.
Heat.
Combustion.
Steam.
CHAP. III.--EXPANSION OF STEAM AND ACTION OF THE VALVES.
CHAP. IV.--MODES OF ESTIMATING THE POWER AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINES AND BOILERS.
Horses Power.
Duty of Engines and Boilers.
The Indicator.
Dynamometer, Gauges, and Cataract.
CHAP. V.--PROPORTIONS OF BOILERS.
Heating and Fire Grate Surface.
Calorimeter and Vent.
Evaporative Power of Boilers.
Modern Marine and Locomotive Boilers.
The Blast in Locomotives.
Boiler Chimneys.
Steam Room and Priming.
Strength of Boilers.
Boiler Explosions.
CHAP. VI.--PROPORTIONS OF ENGINES.
Steam Passages.
Air Pump, Condenser, and Hot and Cold Water Pumps.
Fly Wheel.
Strengths of Land Engines.
Strengths of Marine and Locomotive Engines.
CHAP. VII.--CONSTRUCTIVE DETAILS OF BOILERS.
Land and Marine Boilers.
Incrustation and Corrosion of Boilers.
Locomotive Boilers.
CHAP. VIII.--CONSTRUCTIVE DETAILS OF ENGINES.
Pumping Engines.
Various forms of Marine Engines.
Cylinders, Pistons, and Valves.
Air Pump and Condenser.
Pumps, Cocks, and Pipes.
Details of the Screw and Screw Shaft.
Details of the Paddles and Paddle Shaft.
The Locomotive Engine.
CHAP. IX.--STEAM NAVIGATION.
Resistance of Vessels in Water.
Experiments on the Resistance of Vessels.
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A Catechism of the Steam Engine by Bourne
- 2: By which no rotatory motion is imparted
- 3: When a vacuum occasions a pressure of 15 lbs
- 4: Is the vacuum in the condenser a perfect vacuum
- 5: But the velocity in what terms
- 6: And square the product for a divisor
- 7: Or counteracts the centrifugal tendency
- 8: What is meant by the centre of gyration
- 9: No sensible deviation from the cycloidal curve
- 10: During the vibration of a pendulum
- 11: Will give the amount of centripetal force
- 12: Is there no loss of power by the use of the crank
- 13: The friction per minute is doubled
- 14: Upon the nature of the unguent employed
- 15: But had no film of lubricating material interposed
- 16: And the tensile strength of cast iron is about 15
- 17: The tensile strength of gun metal
- 18: Than is thrown upon the piston
- 19: Increase or diminish deflection
- 20: 55th power of the external diameter
- 21: And will be sunk at the eighteenth remelting to 149
- 22: Immediately behind the position of the manhole
- 23: Flue boilers and tubular boilers
- 24: And 11 represent a marine tubular boiler
- 25: A is the cylinder in which a movable piston
- 26: Is divided into three compartments by two valves
- 27: When the air pump piston descends
- 28: In what way is the piston rod connected to the great beam
- 29: The motion of the crank becomes nearly horizontal
- 30: And the oscillating engine fig
- 31: In the oscillating paddle marine engine
- 32: And on the eduction trunnions connected with the pipe M
- 33: And in other cases vertical oscillating engines
- 34: Are locomotive engines condensing or high pressure engines
- 35: Locomotives with small and long tubes
- 36: Means sensible liquefaction or vaporization
- 37: Anthracite consists almost entirely of carbon
- 38: Of oxygen required for the combustion of 100 lbs
- 39: And the supporter of combustion
- 40: Whereby slow combustion may be carried on
- 41: In Boulton and Watt's 30 horse power land boiler
- 42: And are placed transversely across the furnace
- 43: Divide the logarithm of the remainder by 5
- 44: Or as it is called surcharged steam
- 45: Through the suction valve of the pump
- 46: Computed according to the laws of pneumatics
- 47: And while the steam is escaping from beneath the piston
- 48: The reverse of that of the piston
- 49: Find the cosine of the residue
- 50: Which is connected with the expansion valve
- 51: Are cams used in locomotive engines
- 52: But the motion was not derived from tappets
- 53: And by the motion of the piston
- 54: The quotient is the actual horse power
- 55: Whether high pressure or condensing
- 56: The actual horse power being a dynamical unit
- 57: The quotient is the duty in millions of pounds
- 58: Vacuum gauges are very often of this construction
- 59: Is inserted into the piston rod
- 60: And its piston compresses two elliptical springs
- 61: What is the nature of the dynamometer
- 62: And the plunger then descends by gravity
- 63: The plunger will descend slowly
- 64: According to Boulton and Watt's proportions
- 65: Are the proportions of vent and calorimeter
- 66: The length of the flue is 39 ft
- 67: If the perimeter be diminished
- 68: The proportions of tubular boilers
- 69: Which is just a cubic foot per horse power per hour
- 70: Heating surface of tubes 1627 sqft 668
- 71: Tubes without ferules it is found pass one fourth more air
- 72: As well as through the nozzle itself
- 73: 11 times greater than in the flue boiler
- 74: That with the velocity due to that rarefaction
- 75: 848 for the capacity of the cylinder in cubic inches
- 76: New boilers prime more than old boilers
- 77: In boilers of every construction
- 78: Is capable of withstanding a tensile strain of from 50
- 79: As in some of the ordinary cylindrical boilers
- 80: The flues become highly heated
- 81: The basis of fusible metal is mercury
- 82: The dimensions of safety valves
- 83: In the case of a valve of 12 inches area
- 84: Before the motion of the piston is again accelerated
- 85: And with an outlet or delivery valve
- 86: 9 cubic inches of injection water
- 87: The number of cubic inches to be injected
- 88: 9 cubic inches of condensing water are required
- 89: With cylinders 76 inches diameter
- 90: Supposing the gudgeon to be square
- 91: And extracting the cube root of the quotient
- 92: And reserve the product for a divisor
- 93: And extract the cube root of the quotient
- 94: Multiplied by the diameter of the cylinder in inches
- 95: 007 times the cube root of the pressure on the piston in lbs
- 96: Should the boiler be proved after caulking
- 97: All rivets should be of the best Lowmoor iron
- 98: Whereby the efficacy of the boiler is diminished
- 99: In a flue boiler this cannot be done
- 100: Of the thickness of Russell's boiler tubes
- 101: There should be two hoops round the funnel
- 102: Sea water contains about 1 33rd its weight of salt
- 103: Be 2 33rds as before prescribed
- 104: The most of which operate on the principle of a hydrometer
- 105: Effectually protect them from corrosion
- 106: Which necessarily produces surcharged steam
- 107: Connecting the several boilers together
- 108: And the boiler is blowing off steam
- 109: Should be welded rather than riveted
- 110: Are locomotive boilers provided with a steam chest
- 111: When the mandrel is put into the tube
- 112: Sliding valves and steam ports
- 113: The piston is provided with metallic packing
- 114: Shut the injection valve and secure it
- 115: And the difference constitutes an annulus of pressure
- 116: What is the best form of the centrifugal pump
- 117: Might not the eduction trunnions be immersed in water
- 118: And the momentum of the piston and its attachments
- 119: And the flanges are made too thick
- 120: With the ends morticed into one another
- 121: How should the piston rod be secured to the piston
- 122: Equilibrium gridiron slide valve
- 123: Valves on Belidor's construction
- 124: Maudslay's disc valve for air pump
- 125: By the advance of the air pump piston
- 126: The vacuum was 134 at 75 revolutions of the engine
- 127: The feed pump plunger is generally of brass
- 128: Should fracture or leakage there arise
- 129: With a broad flange at one end
- 130: Are there several lengths of screw shaft
- 131: Details of the paddles and paddle shaft
- 132: The other edge resting on the keelson
- 133: The keelsons should be dubbed fair and straight
- 134: On account of the elasticity of the keelsons
- 135: 12 429ths are about 1 35th of the load
- 136: Instead of the velocity simply
- 137: Behind the locomotive runs another carriage
- 138: And the pistons were both attached to a central crank
- 139: Is very injurious to the cylinders and valves of locomotives
- 140: What kind of piston is used in locomotives
- 141: How is the cranked axle of locomotives constructed
- 142: Through the centres of the crank shaft and crank pin
- 143: But the plungers are sometimes made of iron
- 144: In all spindle valves opened and shut rapidly
- 145: Which have a flange on one edge
- 146: Which expands it sideways until it fills the dovetail groove
- 147: To double the velocity of a steam vessel
- 148: Discarding for the present the subject of friction
- 149: Where the coefficient became 1160
- 150: The coefficient appears to be about 2550
- 151: The one being the ordinary radial wheel
- 152: Supposing the float to be totally immerged
- 153: 1416 times the number of strokes per minute
- 154: While that of the pistons is only 3
- 155: Configuration and action of the screw
- 156: Supposing the screw to consist of two or more convolutions
- 157: When a screw and paddle vessel
- 158: When the pressure urging the pistons
- 159: By repeated experiment with the dynamometer
- 160: The mean speed of the Alecto was 8
- 161: The immersed midship section being 380 square feet
- 162: But into the form of a parabola
- 163: Then there is Griffith's screw
- 164: And the 100 horse engines of the Teazer
- 165: Bourgois and Moll on the screw steamer Pelican
- 166: In screw steamers of auxiliary power
- 167: Will carry about 400 tons of cargo
- 168: Or the trunnions adjacent to the ship's sides
- 169: Within which the air pump crank works
- 170: Also keep the segments of the flange together
- 171: And the number of clicks given by these ratchets
- 172: What are the dimensions of the crank shaft and cranks
- 173: Passes upward from the mortice
- 174: How are the trunnion plummer blocks made
- 175: Diameter of eduction trunnion journal 25 inches
- 176: Unless the trunnion packings be well compressed
- 177: And tightened in the athwartship direction
- 178: The balance piston is 21 inches in diameter
- 179: Each crank shaft bearing is similarly perforated
- 180: A lever extends downwards from the end of the valve shaft
- 181: The propeller is Holm's conchoidal propeller
- 182: And the leading axle has four bearings
- 183: Consisting of pistons 1 3 16 inch in diameter
- 184: And appliances of the steam engine
- 185: And the damper begins to close
- 186: Tappets attached to the valve rod
- 187: Without altering the handles on the injector
- 188: Those manufactured by the Corliss Steam Engine Company
- 189: Pushing down the outer end of the pawls
- 190: Acting on their respective spiral grooves
- 191: Through which the coil pipe passes
- 192: As built by the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company
- 193: Both engine and pump are rotary
- 194: The hosemen have other employment in the neighborhood
- 195: The bottom of the shovel is opened
- 196: The fanners and screen were also in operation
- 197: Or 104 throstle spindles with preparation
- 198: Works a blast cylinder of 126 inches diameter
- 199: Dry sand and loam castings should be
- 200: Penn grind their cylinders after they are bored
- 201: How is any flaw in the valve or cylinder face remedied
- 202: This cement is caulked into the joints with a caulking iron
- 203: In case hardening they will swell more
- 204: Flanges to stand brazing may be made of copper 1 lb
- 205: And the angular flange of cylinder
- 206: Deduct the length of the radius crank
- 207: The trunnion bearings are then turned
- 208: In both forms of the link motion
- 209: Should the salinometer be accidentally broken
- 210: Where the tubes have been drawn and reinserted
- 211: War steamers should carry short spare funnels
- 212: And set in revolution by a pendulum and ratchet wheel
- 213: As regards the engine and boiler
- 214: If the boiler be habitually fed with dirty water
- 215: And whether the axles have end play
- 216: Air pump of oscillating engine
- 217: Mode of discharging the supersalted water
- 218: Cylinder of oscillating engine
- 219: Expansion joint in valve casing
- 220: India rubber valves for air pump
- 221: Lubrication of engine bearings
- 222: Pistons for oscillating engines
- 223: Indicator and dynamometer power
- 224: Trunnions of oscillating engines