EARLY BRITAIN--ROMAN BRITAIN

BY EDWARD CONYBEARE

WITH MAP

1903

[Illustration: A MAP OF BRITAIN to illustrate THE ROMAN OCCUPATION.

London: Published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.]

ERRATA.

p. vii. _for_ Caesar 55 A.D. _read_ Caesar 55 B.C.

" 56 " 11th century " 12th century.

" 58 " Damnonian Name " Damnonian name.

" 66 " [Greek: ediken] " [Greek: aethikaen]

" 108 " sunrise " sunset.

" 133 " some lost authority " Suetonius.

" 141 " DONATE " DONANTE.

" 150 " Venta Silurum " Isca Silurum.

" 185 " is flanked " was flanked.

" 209 " iambic " trochaic.

" " " Exquis " Ex quis.

" 213 " one priceless " once priceless.

" 232 " in pieces " to pieces.

" 238 " constrigit " constringit.

" " " Sparas " Sparsas.

PREFACE

A little book on a great subject, especially when that book is one of a "series," is notoriously an object of literary distrust. For the limitations thus imposed upon the writer are such as few men can satisfactorily cope with, and he must needs ask the indulgence of his readers for his painfully-felt shortcomings in dealing with the mass of material which he has to manipulate. And more especially is this the case when the volume which immediately precedes his in the series is such a mine of erudition as the 'Celtic Britain' of Professor Rhys.

In the present work my object has been to give a readable sketch of the historical growth and decay of Roman influence in Britain, illustrated by the archaeology of the period, rather than a mainly archaeological treatise with a bare outline of the history. The chief authorities of which I have made use are thus those original classical sources for the early history of our island, so carefully and ably collected in the 'Monumenta Historica Britannica';[1] which, along with Huebner's 'Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum[2],' must always be the foundation of every work on Roman Britain. Amongst the many other authorities consulted I must acknowledge my special debt to Mr. Elton's 'Origins of English History'; and yet more to Mr. Haverfield's invaluable publications in the 'Antiquary' and elsewhere, without which to keep abreast of the incessant development of my subject by the antiquarian spade-work now going on all over the land would be an almost hopeless task.

EDWARD CONYBEARE.

Table of contents (by pages)

• 1: Early Britain—Roman Britain by Edward Conybeare
• 2: To Gildas in the 6th century after
• 3: Wrote on Hunting Origen V
• 4: HUEBNER 'Inscriptiones Britannicae Romanae' 1873
• 5: Commians appeal to Augustus III
• 6: Florianus slain Probus
• 7: 3 353 Magnentius dies V
• 8: Associated in Empire Honorius
• 9: 62 chapter iithe julian invasionb
• 10: 118 chapter iiithe roman conquestb
• 11: 212 chapter vthe end of roman britaina
• 12: The various Aryan nationalities form
• 13: They are commonly spoken of by the name of Ugrians
• 14: Ireland Aristotle calls Ierne
• 15: To which the name Ictis or Vectis would seem to point
• 16: 20 Nor were these coracles only used for coasting
• 17: There are no fewer than seventy two Dene Holes
• 18: Corresponding to the description of Pytheas
• 19: And swine of the Asiatic breed
• 20: Which go with the designation Dhu the Black
• 21: While in both resembling the Iberians
• 22: While conjecture finds traces of the Ancalites in Henley
• 23: And for their westward neighbours the Cornavii
• 24: Transliterated into Durnovaria
• 25: Assigned these Durotriges to the Damnonian Name
• 26: They have images simulacra of huge size
• 27: 58 writing shortly after the Claudian conquest
• 28: Did Druidism come to be considered
• 29: The first Roman invader of Britain
• 30: The champions of the regime of Sulla
• 31: The Veneti had tapped the tin trade at its source
• 32: King of the Suessiones at Soissons
• 33: The legionaries never faltered
• 34: Commius was thrown into chains
• 35: Between the legionaries and the land stretched yards of sea
• 36: Probably to their camp above Dover
• 37: And that the woodlands beside it were filled
• 38: Annexed to the 'Notitia' scythed chariots are shown
• 39: Two only sent in their promised hostages
• 40: We can see in Cicero's correspondence with Atticus
• 41: As Caesar learnt from prisoners
• 42: As soon as their fear of Caswallon was removed
• 43: The Britons pushed their assault home
• 44: By the skilful dispositions of Caswallon
• 45: Nor did Caswallon think it wise again to gather them
• 46: That he would leave Mandubratius on the Trinobantian throne
• 47: In this case it would be that of Verica
• 48: 118 This would be under Tasciovan
• 49: And dedicated offerings in the Capitol
• 50: The freed man favourite of Claudius
• 51: In the gladiatorial shows which followed
• 52: When Plautius neared Rome he went out in person to meet him
• 53: 157 all under the authority of Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus
• 54: The Fleam Dyke near Cambridge
• 55: Very probably that Caer Caradoc
• 56: And who must have reminded Caradoc of Cartismandua
• 57: His special victim being Prasutagus
• 58: And the priestesses in Mona were
• 59: In front of the British line Boadicea
• 60: The glory of ending the long conflict is due to Agricola
• 61: 188 and who now made Agricola report himself by night
• 62: The latter is the Via Devana from Chester to Colchester
• 63: As to the main Watling Street there is no dispute
• 64: Not only were two called Isca
• 65: We are sure that Amboglanna and Birdoswald are identical
• 66: While that of Silchester was nine feet thick
• 67: To have been purely commercial
• 68: Such as Wroxeter and Silchester
• 69: The main street of Silchester ran east and west
• 70: He is commonly supposed to mean some species of mastiff
• 71: Dividing the Romans from the barbarians
• 72: Hadrian made answer Ego nolo Florus esse
• 73: The Roman commander was Ulpius Marcellus
• 74: Where Severus made careful astronomical observations
• 75: The Vallum was once more repaired
• 76: Militans Tribunus in Praefecto
• 77: Cilurnum stood on a pure and perennial stream
• 78: Caracalla and Julia were now free to work their will
• 79: Still survive in Vandlebury Camp
• 80: The first man to be placed in this position was Carausius
• 81: With Constantius himself on board
• 82: And post down to join Constantius in Gaul
• 83: Magnentius himself had his capital at Treves
• 84: And named Valentia in honour of Valens
• 85: Incaluit Pictorum sanguine Thule
• 86: Constringit in unum Sparsas Imperii vires
• 87: Managed by the Count of the Privy Purse Comes Rei Privatae
• 88: So far as Britain was concerned
• 89: 367 and settled them in Thanet
• 90: So the Empire never quite forgot its claims on Britain
• 91: And the epithet Greek diakeimenais
• 92: Connected likewise with Joseph of Arimathaea
• 93: My Pudens weds With choicest bliss
• 94: 425 Galloway may have been the native home of Ninias
• 95: Germanus set the seal to his work
• 96: And the large majority of Romano British church sites are
• 97: 127 Cateuchlani Cattivellauni
• 98: See Caesar Classicianus
• 99: 245 See English Saxon Shore
• 100: For the Gadhelic form is Cruitanach
• 101: Only known to us by extracts in Strabo iii
• 102: But Pliny here compares the herb to savin
• 103: Alterius orbis nomen mereretur
• 104: Footnote 82 Valerius Maximus A
• 105: Semper sibi liberi 'De Bello Judiaco
• 106: Footnote 137 Greek dusdiexoda
• 107: Footnote 175 Demeter and Kore
• 108: Codrington 'Roman Roads in Britain'
• 109: Are actually of Romano British date
• 110: Signifies Camp chester Legra Laager
• 111: Haverfield in the 'English Hist
• 112: Footnote 262 Hadrian divided the Province of Britain see p
• 113: Footnote 269 Aelius Lampridius
• 114: Footnote 298 'Corpus Inscript
• 115: Footnote 306 Aelius Spartianus
• 116: A slur derived from Eutropius A
• 117: Footnote 350 Theodosius married Galla
• 118: Who were next door neighbours to the Frisians of Holland
• 119: Footnote 407 'Adversus Judaeos
• 120: ' and other authorities in Haddan and Stubbs