AN ESSAY
ON THE
TRIAL BY JURY.
BY LYSANDER SPOONER.
BOSTON: JOHN P. JEWETT AND COMPANY. CLEVELAND, OHIO: JEWETT, PROCTOR & WORTHINGTON. 1852.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1852, by LYSANDER SPOONER, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.
NOTICE TO ENGLISH PUBLISHERS.
The author claims the copyright of this book in England, on Common Law principles, without regard to acts of parliament; and if the main principle of the book itself be true, viz., that no legislation, in conflict with the Common Law, is of any validity, his claim is a legal one. He forbids any one to reprint the book without his consent.
Stereotyped by HOBART & ROBBINS; New England Type and Stereotype Foundery, BOSTON.
NOTE.
This volume, it is presumed by the author, gives what will generally be considered satisfactory evidence,--though not all the evidence,--of what the Common Law trial by jury really is. In a future volume, if it should be called for, it is designed to corroborate the grounds taken in this; give a concise view of the English constitution; show the unconstitutional character of the existing government in England, and the unconstitutional means by which the trial by jury has been broken down in practice; prove that, neither in England nor the United States, have legislatures ever been invested by the people with any authority to impair the powers, change the oaths, or (with few exceptions) abridge the jurisdiction, of juries, or select jurors on any other than Common Law principles; and, consequently, that, in both countries, legislation is still constitutionally subordinate to the discretion and consciences of Common Law juries, in all cases, both civil and criminal, in which juries sit. The same volume will probably also discuss several political and legal questions, which will naturally assume importance if the trial by jury should be reestablished.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHAPTER I. THE RIGHT OF JURIES TO JUDGE OF THE JUSTICE OF LAWS, 5
SECTION 1, 5
SECTION 2, 11
CHAPTER II. THE TRIAL BY JURY, AS DEFINED BY MAGNA CARTA, 20
SECTION 1. _The History of Magna Carta_, 20
SECTION 2. _The Language of Magna Carta_, 25
CHAPTER III. ADDITIONAL PROOFS OF THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF JURORS, 51
SECTION 1. _Weakness of the Regal Authority_, 51
SECTION 2. _The Ancient Common Law Juries were mere Courts of Conscience_, 63
SECTION 3. _The Oaths of Jurors_, 85
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: An Essay on the Trial by Jury by Lysander Spooner
- 2: Moral considerations for jurors
- 3: Consistently with the trial by jury
- 4: Be eligible to be drawn as jurors
- 5: When a jury puts its veto upon a statute
- 6: To these irresponsible legislators
- 7: And that unconstitutional acts may be lawfully resisted
- 8: Unless it be forcibly resisted
- 9: In a constitution of government
- 10: In empanelling juries for the trial of capital offences
- 11: Constitutionally the government
- 12: And especially as to its intrinsic justice
- 13: As follows Nullus liber homo capiatur
- 14: Like that of the words nec super eum ibimus
- 15: Per legale judicium parium suorum
- 16: In the phrase per judicium parium suorum
- 17: In the phrase per legale judicium parium suorum
- 18: That legem terrae authorized
- 19: Shall not be amerced for a small crime
- 20: Continued until the time of Magna Carta
- 21: Of the legem terrae of Magna Carta
- 22: Nor forejudged of life or limb
- 23: Who says Nisi per legale judicium parium suorum
- 24: And another is called magnum concilium
- 25: But after the charter had been granted
- 26: And so are the words nec super eum ibimus
- 27: Debeat amerciari vel subire judicium pillorie
- 28: Or to have been recognized by Magna Carta
- 29: And amerciaments as being levied upon criminals
- 30: To them may be added miscellaneous amercements
- 31: In cases of judgment by default or demurrer
- 32: Within the meaning of legem terrae
- 33: And as the Saxons exterminated
- 34: Stuart on the Constitution of England
- 35: The authority of a Saxon monarch was not more considerable
- 36: The prerogatives of the crown
- 37: When assented to by the Witena gemote
- 38: Or fresh promulgation of Alfred's code
- 39: As has already been shown from Magna Carta itself
- 40: Two centuries after Magna Carta
- 41: See Writs in Beames' Glanville
- 42: In the case of freeholders attending as suitors
- 43: And of old the suitors in court
- 44: And sometimes both the earl and the gerefa
- 45: Henry calls the twelve jurors assessors
- 46: Compurgators were merely witnesses
- 47: The Echevins were composed of the villanage
- 48: Till confirmed by statute 3 Jac
- 49: That the jurors took their law from sheriffs
- 50: The oaths that have been administered to jurors
- 51: Written within a century after Magna Carta
- 52: The jury cannot try an issue
- 53: The jurors need not search the law books
- 54: Debeat amerciari vel subire judicium pillorae
- 55: One hundred and twenty five years after Magna Carta
- 56: Adjudged to be drawn and hanged
- 57: The sentence against Charles the First
- 58: Five hundred years after Magna Carta
- 59: Notwithstanding such legislation
- 60: It is perfectly apparent from these statutes
- 61: Conceded to the English people by the ancient
- 62: With the coronation oath of king William I
- 63: Meaning that law as embodied in Magna Carta
- 64: Four hundred years after Magna Carta
- 65: That the Witan had no legislative authority
- 66: And they will tell us that Alfred
- 67: The Anglo Saxon statutes are concise and technical
- 68: And is not unfrequently applied to common freeholders
- 69: And in matters regarding the priesthood
- 70: And those arbitrary proceedings
- 71: Blackstone says The policy of our ancient constitution
- 72: Who were taken out of the common freeholders
- 73: Then he turneth his speech to the inquest
- 74: And that ye shall not know the damage or disherison of him
- 75: Ad quo de jure et consuetudine Ecclesiae Cantuariae
- 76: In the Anglo Saxon commonwealth
- 77: The ancient oath of jurors in civil suits
- 78: Through the judgments of juries in civil suits
- 79: And would hold all its legislation obligatory
- 80: Which of the litigants they pleased
- 81: Some fifty years before Magna Carta
- 82: There is a statute enacted seventy years after Magna Carta
- 83: The statute is nevertheless void
- 84: In the 64th chapter of Magna Carta
- 85: Footnote 71 From the provision of Magna Carta
- 86: To assist and enlighten the jurors
- 87: The only injunction of Magna Carta upon the government
- 88: The principle of Magna Carta unquestionably is
- 89: And the intelligence of jurors
- 90: But only fail of enforcing justice
- 91: And voluntary contributors to its support
- 92: Unsophisticated man ever found himself involved in a lawsuit
- 93: When compared with statutory and constitutional law
- 94: Arises from the difficulty of construing
- 95: That there is in enacting natural law
- 96: Talk of enacting natural law by statute
- 97: The disagreements of courts on matters of law
- 98: Describing the difficulty of construing the written law
- 99: Controlling the selection of jurors
- 100: Written within a century after Magna Carta
- 101: Seventy years after Magna Carta
- 102: If the government can select the jurors
- 103: Of the right of eligibility as jurors
- 104: The ancient common law required the jurors to be freeholders
- 105: The jurors are required to be freeholders
- 106: Qualified to serve as grand jurors
- 107: Footnote 82 In 1483 it was enacted
- 108: That no person nor persons hereafter be impanelled
- 109: 87 But previous to Magna Carta
- 110: Is included in the words vel alii balivi nostri
- 111: And thus this chapter of Magna Carta
- 112: It is entirely incredible that Magna Carta
- 113: Had this prohibition of Magna Carta
- 114: Subordinate to the ealdormen were the gerefas
- 115: For that sheriffs of divers counties
- 116: And are impeachable and removable by
- 117: Because one of the baylifes was party to the fine
- 118: Balliva bailiwick was the word formed from ballivus
- 119: Non est inventus in balliva mea
- 120: Such as the bailiff of Westminster
- 121: The counties were also called bailiwicks
- 122: Alderman of the City or Borough
- 123: Except the risk of being amerced after the trial
- 124: Is so evident that a jury could rarely
- 125: Be likely to be amerced by the jury
- 126: There having been no criminal motive
- 127: And forbidden only by some tyrannical statute
- 128: If it were intrinsically criminal
- 129: Of the age of discretion and compos mentis
- 130: All that can rightfully be required of each of them
- 131: But the mental capacity to make a reasonable contract
- 132: And consequently that the jury find
- 133: Moral considerations for jurors
- 134: That compact is now to be found in Magna Carta
- 135: And the forty shilling freeholders
- 136: And other Prelates of England
- 137: Renewed and confirmed the charters
- 138: And it is also called Charta Libertatum regni
- 139: To evade the requirements of Magna Carta
- 140: They Magna Carta and Carta de Foresta were
- 141: They were chiefly these latter articles of Magna Carta
- 142: Is secured to him by the Great Charter
- 143: Near five hundred years after Magna Carta
- 144: These thirty two confirmations of Magna Carta
- 145: And no more tyrannical principle was ever avowed
- 146: And very likely to corrupt their motives
- 147: Whether it be done by a legislative enactment
- 148: And to unceasing hostility to their opponents
- 149: Adopted by political corporations
- 150: Unless the weaker party have a veto
- 151: For the maintenance of these specific laws
- 152: The minority enact no laws of their own
- 153: It also enables the weaker party
- 154: If the trial by jury were reestablished
- 155: And no taxation without consent
