Social Science Text-Books
EDITED BY RICHARD T. ELY
A HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONISM IN THE UNITED STATES
BY
SELIG PERLMAN, PH.D.
Assistant Professor of Economics in the University of Wisconsin; Co-author of the History of Labour in the United States
New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1922
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1922
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Set up and electrotyped. October, 1922.
AUTHOR'S PREFACE
The present _History of Trade Unionism in the United States_ is in part a summary of work in labor history by Professor John R. Commons and collaborators at the University of Wisconsin from 1904 to 1918, and in part an attempt by the author to carry the work further. Part I of the present book is based on the _History of Labour in the United States_ by Commons and Associates (Introduction: John R. Commons; Colonial and Federal Beginnings, to 1827: David J. Saposs; Citizenship, 1827-1833: Helen L. Summer; Trade Unionism, 1833-1839: Edward B. Mittelman; Humanitarianism, 1840-1860: Henry E. Hoagland; Nationalization, 1860-1877: John B. Andrews; and Upheaval and Reorganization, 1876-1896: by the present author), published by the Macmillan Company in 1918 in two volumes.
Part II, "The Larger Career of Unionism," brings the story from 1897 down to date; and Part III, "Conclusions and Inferences," is an attempt to bring together several of the general ideas suggested by the History. Chapter 12, entitled "An Economic Interpretation," follows the line of analysis laid down by Professor Commons in his study of the American shoemakers, 1648-1895.[1]
The author wishes to express his strong gratitude to Professors Richard T. Ely and John R. Commons for their kind aid at every stage of this work. He also wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. Edwin E. Witte, Director of the Wisconsin State Legislative Reference Library, upon whose extensive and still unpublished researches he based his summary of the history of the injunction; and to Professor Frederick L. Paxson, who subjected the manuscript to criticism from the point of view of General American History.
S.P.
FOOTNOTE:
[1] See his _Labor and Administration_, Chapter XIV (Macmillan, 1913).
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE v
PART I. THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL
CHAPTER
1 LABOR MOVEMENTS BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR
(1) Early Beginnings, to 1827 8 (2) Equal Citizenship, 1827-1832 9 (3) The Period of the "Wild-Cat" Prosperity, 1833-1837 18 (4) The Long Depression, 1837-1862 29
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A History of Trade Unionism in the United States
- 2: Not a wage earners' strike against employers
- 3: In 1809 the New York shoemakers
- 4: Four of the cases were decided against the journeymen
- 5: The wage earners' Jacksonianism struck a note all its own
- 6: Was keenly felt by the workingmen
- 7: Together with the recollections of his experience at Hofwyl
- 8: But New England added a fourth class
- 9: The same is true of the demand for a mechanics' lien law
- 10: These were mostly seamstresses and tailoresses
- 11: And politicians took up the cause of the workingmen
- 12: The workingmen were convicted in two cases
- 13: In such circumstances the workingmen
- 14: This old efficiency of theirs
- 15: And opened a cooperative foundry shop
- 16: Under the stimulus of these agitations
- 17: The brothers Gracchi in ancient Rome
- 18: Tammany was quick to start the bidding
- 19: Was entirely managed by humanitarians
- 20: Chapter 2the greenback period
- 21: The machinists and blacksmiths
- 22: At least twenty five in Michigan
- 23: And by the Senate in June 1868
- 24: Would be redeemable in government bonds
- 25: By the establishment of this cooperative foundry
- 26: The eight cooperative cooperage shops in Minneapolis
- 27: On the third ballot Davis was nominated
- 28: Greenbackism became primarily a labor movement
- 29: The greenback became a dead issue
- 30: The lack of business ability among wage earners
- 31: A genuine alternative to capitalist ownership
- 32: In 1878 it was forced to abolish secrecy
- 33: But an association of idealistic cooperators
- 34: Became before long primarily opportunist and pragmatic
- 35: The international regulation of immigration
- 36: Whether voluntary or subsidized by government
- 37: Which was formed at Pittsburgh in 1883
- 38: German American Typographia 1873
- 39: 10 percent British other than Irish
- 40: The boycott movement was a truly national one
- 41: Reduced the force of shopmen at Moberly
- 42: They can array labor against capital
- 43: The contemporary Chicago anarchists
- 44: And the remaining 2 percent scattered
- 45: 300 were in nine great lockouts
- 46: The strikers were not organized
- 47: As far as the coal handlers employed by the other companies
- 48: Which reflected the current public opinion against boycotts
- 49: While the Irish were divided between George and Hewitt
- 50: As illustrated by the stove molders
- 51: The era of the boycotts had not yet begun
- 52: A national bureau of labor statistics
- 53: The Crispins numbered about 50
- 54: But the unskilled labor must receive attention
- 55: Its full autonomy was confirmed
- 56: Who were granted their autonomy in 1880
- 57: The impatience for immediate cooperation
- 58: Cooperation never materialized
- 59: Burlington Quincy Railroad Company
- 60: Paul the bricklayers alone worked nine hours
- 61: The Pinkertons were defeated and driven away and
- 62: The Pullman strike began May 11
- 63: Municipal ownership of electric light
- 64: Later the entire program was voted down
- 65: The eighties abounded in stove molders' strikes
- 66: Enforcing obedience to the agreement
- 67: To the question what means were unlawful
- 68: In his decision condemning the journeymen
- 69: The jury handed in a verdict of guilty
- 70: Was opposed to compulsory arbitration
- 71: Injunctions were an old remedy
- 72: Any injury they might do was irreparable
- 73: The issuance of injunctions was merely sporadic
- 74: Barnett figures the organizable workers in 1900 at 21
- 75: Through agreement with the United Typothetae of America
- 76: The total paid up membership was barely 13
- 77: The miners observed their contracts
- 78: An Interstate agreement was drawn up
- 79: This was the well known Anthracite Coal Strike Commission
- 80: What distinguished the anthracite coal strike
- 81: And the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen
- 82: Notwithstanding the energetic bargaining
- 83: Two separate arbitration boards were appointed
- 84: Pending settlement by the Committee
- 85: Causing a dispute which continued over many years
- 86: Free of any union working rules
- 87: Injunctions and decisions on boycotts
- 88: President Shaffer offered to arbitrate the whole matter
- 89: In the Senate it was introduced by Senator Kyle
- 90: In the Buck's Stove and Range Company boycott case
- 91: Whether candidates for President
- 92: That the trade unionists did not vote solidly for Bryan
- 93: This system of Interstate agreement
- 94: 66 The International Brotherhood of Blacksmiths
- 95: And other German trades counted many socialists
- 96: DeLeon was of South American ancestry
- 97: It also included workers in smelters
- 98: Even before 1905 the Western Federation of Miners
- 99: But there is industrialism and industrialism
- 100: The American Federation of Labor
- 101: The Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners
- 102: While each retains its own autonomy
- 103: Limiting the time of effectiveness of temporary injunctions
- 104: But in the following year made a 50 percent increase
- 105: Many employers granted increases voluntarily
- 106: The railways and brotherhoods had signed
- 107: The American Federation of Labor
- 108: The basic eight hour day since 1916
- 109: The boilermakers and iron shipbuilders from 31
- 110: Which regarded the Pact with a critical eye
- 111: By anti union employers and especially trusts
- 112: In the summer of 1919 employers in certain industries
- 113: Dominated of course by Gompers
- 114: The strikers refusing to return to work
- 115: The railway labor organizations
- 116: Or strikes against cuts in wages
- 117: In 1920 the total organized union membership
- 118: Was reelected and again reelected
- 119: The law was a victory for the brotherhoods
- 120: Viewing the situation as bargainers
- 121: Were we to follow the Marxian theory
- 122: This was the notorious sweatshop system
- 123: Produced a cut throat competition
- 124: The Order of the Knights of Labor
- 125: Prices both wholesale and retail
- 126: The American trade unionist wants
- 127: On equality of economic opportunity
- 128: Having started in the seventies as Marxian socialists
- 129: Adult male labor offers a far different case
- 130: Should the labor party still persist
- 131: Although the labor vote is largely undeliverable
- 132: But the labor movement resisted
- 133: The gentry and the capitalists
- 134: The other classes were even more apolitical
- 135: The capitalists and especially the larger capitalists
- 136: Bolshevism is unthinkable in America
- 137: There is a revolutionary class which
- 138: The hope of American Bolshevism will
