[=a] signifies "a with macron"; [)e] "e with breve"; ['e] "e acute" (or stressed); [`e] "e grave"; [^e] "e circumflex"; and so forth. "eth" and "thorn" are rendered "dh" and "th" respectively.
* * * * *
A HAND-BOOK
OF
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,
FOR THE USE OF
STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITIES AND HIGHER CLASSES OF SCHOOLS.
BY
R. G. LATHAM, M.D., F.R.S.,
LATE PROFESSOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.
NEW-YORK: D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 443 & 445 BROADWAY. M.DCCC.LXIV.
* * * * *
CONTENTS.
* * * * *
PART I.
GENERAL ETHNOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER I.
GERMANIC ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.--DATE.
SECTION PAGE
1. English language not British 1 2. Real origin German 1 3. Accredited immigrations and settlements 2 4, 5. Criticism 4, 5
CHAPTER II.
GERMANIC ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.--THE GERMANIC AREA OF THE PARTICULAR GERMANS WHO INTRODUCED IT.--EXTRACT FROM BEDA.
6, 7. Jutes, Angles, and Saxons 6 8, 9. Extract from Beda 6, 7 10-13. Criticism 8-11 14, 15. Angles 11, 12 16. Saxons of Beda 12, 13 17. Anglo-Saxon area 13 18, 19. The Frisians 13, 14 20. Anglo-Saxon area 14
CHAPTER III.
OF THE DIALECTS OF THE SAXON AREA, AND OF THE SO-CALLED OLD SAXON.
21-29. Old Saxon and Anglo-Saxon 16, 17
CHAPTER IV.
AFFINITIES OF THE ENGLISH WITH THE LANGUAGES OF GERMANY AND SCANDINAVIA.
30, 31. Gothic languages 18 32-34. Divisions of the Gothic stock 18 35. Moeso-Gothic 19 36. Old High German 19 37. Low German 19 38. Frisian and Dutch 19 39. Platt-Deutsch 20 40, 41. Comparison 21-23
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A Handbook of the English Language by Latham
- 2: Structure of Celtic tongues 31 33 61 63
- 3: Euphony and the permutation of letters
- 4: Genders in English 136
- 5: Patronymics 200
- 6: Could 231 315
- 7: Syntax 294 413
- 8: Pleonasm and ellipses allied 306 CHAPTER V
- 9: Syntax of the persons of verbs
- 10: And Scotch Gaelic in the Highlands of Scotland
- 11: The landing of Hengist and Horsa
- 12: De Jutarum origine sunt Cantuarii
- 13: Of Eald Seaxum comon E 'a st Seaxan
- 14: In England Vitae called also Jutae
- 15: And a line drawn from Flensborg to Sleswick
- 16: 17 and the Old Frisian of the Frisian Laws
- 17: When the Continental origin of the Heliand was recognised
- 18: And the Bible translation of the Arian Bishop Ulphilas
- 19: Hinum Hinum Hinum
- 20: Augun Bogarnir T 'u ngurnar
- 21: Is adesse penetrali deam intelligit
- 22: And with probably Slavonic Werini
- 23: They were shapen neither like the Frisian nor the Danish
- 24: The agglutinate character of their verbal inflections
- 25: The ancient language of Gaul Cambrian
- 26: Now Cenail is the modern name Kinneil
- 27: Cur ilg Filg juven vet tut mess ansemel
- 28: Shi akolo a rsipit toat avuciea ca
- 29: Lou plus pichoun digu 'e t a son paeir 'e
- 30: Who are the present Jutlanders of Jutland
- 31: Celtic elements of the Anglo Norman
- 32: Cest as in Gloucester glevae castra from castra
- 33: Whilst hanum is a Norse dative
- 34: Toft Toft Tot
- 35: The original inflexion expresses one
- 36: Lustr um lustr a d
- 37: Plurals in es Original root
- 38: Introduced during the Anglo Saxon
- 39: An incorrect name for the gadus lota
- 40: The radical forms being haemat and saemat
- 41: The one inflectional smidhum
- 42: The first combination would be se gode sweord
- 43: Is nearly as simple in its grammatical structure
- 44: As steorres for steorran stars
- 45: The substitution of heo for they
- 46: Classify the Celtic elements of the English language
- 47: Greek to into Anglo Saxon
- 48: The sounds sa and za are allied
- 49: Isolate them from their vowels
- 50: As sigma is to s so is zeta to z
- 51: Diphthongs with the semivowel y
- 52: I ee and u oo are incapable of becoming broad
- 53: Euphony and the permutation of letters
- 54: Leaves it as it was in phonetics
- 55: Thus ap as quoted above is p varpi
- 56: The vowel in the syllable see is long
- 57: Orthography presupposes orthoepy
- 58: The other framer of the alphabet
- 59: The natural aim of orthography
- 60: That for every simple single sound
- 61: Whereas it is a diphthongal sound
- 62: In English this has the sound of dzh
- 63: In German the semivowel sound is spelt with j
- 64: Is an orthographical expedient
- 65: Tsadi Hebrew TS was never imported into Europe
- 66: But be without either vaw or kof
- 67: And where it replaced the Greek zaeta
- 68: That the sound of theta differed from that of tau
- 69: Nam interdum tria u u u ut puto quaerit in sono
- 70: On Englissh writenn rihht te word
- 71: Daleth being followed by he of the vowel series
- 72: Or the etymology of the grammarian
- 73: Genitor ibus Genitric ibus
- 74: Words corresponding to genitrix and genitor
- 75: In the Moeso Gothic and Scandinavian
- 76: A male seamer Seamestre
- 77: In gaenserich and taeuberich
- 78: The sharp lene sibilant s e
- 79: From Greek he phusike techne
- 80: Niht Niht Nights
- 81: Finita in f plerumque alleviantur in plurali numero
- 82: Is expressed by the preposition of
- 83: The nominative plural and the genitive singular are
- 84: Th 'a m thaere thisum thisse
- 85: Remnants of the old dative sense
- 86: These constitute the true personal pronouns
- 87: Suus might exist in the language
- 88: There feminine dative and singular
- 89: But even as a plural of the genitive his
- 90: A good tree may not mak yvel fruytis
- 91: A masculine accusative in Anglo Saxon hwaene
- 92: Est tamen plane nomen substantivum
- 93: So the word katamas is a superlative form
- 94: E kataras one of two persons
- 95: Se sweord scyrdh scearp or the sword cuts sharper
- 96: Grimm derives it from the Moeso Gothic root lasiv weak
- 97: The Anglo Saxon forms were neah
- 98: The m is the m in the Anglo Saxon words innema
- 99: But in the Greek Greek hepta
- 100: Come from the demonstrative pronouns
- 101: The term meiotic for the true diminutives
- 102: This indicates the nature of words like cockerel
- 103: Godwulf Geating Ida was the son of Eoppa
- 104: Greek tou phthonein invidiae
- 105: And was preceded by the preposition to
- 106: The forces of the auxiliary verbs
- 107: Lufiadh Lufiadh Lufiadh
- 108: Skal Skulu Skulum
- 109: And is only the subjunctive of am
- 110: Greek etupsa etypsa I beat
- 111: And not that of Greek tetupha
- 112: Fand Fundon we found
- 113: The following double praeterites are differently explained
- 114: There is no second vowel sound
- 115: So that the natural praeterite forms were met te
- 116: The Anglo Saxon forms are macode and haefde
- 117: Therefore that vissa is euphonic for vista
- 118: In the present Danish they write duger
- 119: A Handbook of the English Language by Latham
- 120: And are complementary to each other
- 121: This praeterite would be formed
- 122: Here the process is ambiguous
- 123: The Anglo Saxon form is cudhe
- 124: Except in the praeterite tense
- 125: Called also the active participle and the participle in ing
- 126: Or a praeterite with a participial sense
- 127: Whereas the praeterite ended in ode
- 128: It does not show how the participle past is collective
- 129: And from rings in general and so particularised
- 130: Spare thy pr 'e cious br 'e ath
- 131: By giving to the last syllable a parity of accent
- 132: Hence the combination monkshood
- 133: Peahen means a hen that is a pea pfau or pavo
- 134: Compare the German form nacht i gale
- 135: Fowl or fugel l is no true word
- 136: Adverbs of this kind are adverbs of deflection
- 137: Substantives in the genitive case
- 138: Quite explain the form yon d er
- 139: Are wholly unsusceptible of inflection
- 140: Theina tui theins tuus
- 141: Instead of this we find such expressions as eagena thin
- 142: As compared with salb o dedum
- 143: Trithen's on the Slavonic praeterite
- 144: These are pleonastic expressions
- 145: We must account for the phrase by apposition
- 146: And a syntactic convertibility
- 147: Are chiefly points of ellipsis
- 148: Pleonasm in the syntax of pronouns
- 149: The fact of pleonasm and ellipsis being closely allied
- 150: After a neuter or intransitive verb
- 151: Or mei individualitas or persona
- 152: Not as genitive cases but as adjectives
- 153: A substantivis immediate descendentia
- 154: Whom seien the people that I am
- 155: Se battaient les uns les autres
- 156: When it is the predicate of a proposition
- 157: Verbs like hunger and sleep are naturally intransitive
- 158: A noun substantive and a pronoun
- 159: Not by either the personal pronoun or the substantive
- 160: Singular subjects with plural predicates
- 161: Quid est significatio foeminae elevantis pallam
- 162: Preceded by the preposition to
- 163: The Latins said Ego et Balbus sustulimus manus
- 164: Are non inflectional auxiliaries
- 165: With both infinitives and participles
- 166: Satis de Caesare hoc dictum habeo
- 167: Notker wirt keben
- 168: All prepositions govern an oblique case
- 169: And the second copula must be supplied
- 170: May be a conjunction or preposition
- 171: There is room for the use of a subjunctive mood
- 172: Is a modification of the subjunctive construction
- 173: The combination in other words is subdisjunctive
- 174: Two negatives make an affirmative
- 175: In Anglo Saxon the absolute case was the dative
- 176: M 'e rrily sh 'a ll I live n 'o w
- 177: That the parts preceding the vowel be different
- 178: Success in a higher be 'a titude
- 179: H 'e sper 'u s inv 'o kes thy l 'i ght
- 180: The Morgante Maggiore of Pulci
- 181: Alexandrines and service metre alternately
- 182: The form Orm rather than Worm
- 183: What is Johnson's explanation of the word Etymology
- 184: Enumerate the other verbs in the same class
- 185: L'un l'autre Ils se battaient
- 186: 3 Gildas was a British ecclesiastic
- 187: Asserius is supposed to have died Bishop of Sherborne
- 188: The Hildubrand and Hathubrant have been edited by Grimm
- 189: Most of these along with Tatian
- 190: A conjunction is no part of either
- 191: Its perspicuity of language
- 192: Which is very properly placed in the first part of Syntax
- 193: For a signal perspicuity of arrangement
- 194: Webster's primary school dictionary
- 195: Physiology cannot but be considered
- 196: The subjects are systematically arranged
- 197: Illustration From JOHN G
- 198: ADVANCED COURSE OFComposition and Rhetoric
- 199: The First Lessons in Composition
- 200: Hebrew Pe 'Phi' in original