[Illustration: The Roman Empire in the Second Century A. D.]
A HISTORY OF ROME TO 565 A. D.
BY ARTHUR E. R. BOAK, Ph. D., Professor of Ancient History in the University of Michigan
New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1921 _All rights reserved_
COPYRIGHT, 1921. By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Set up and electrotyped. Published December, 1921.
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
PREFACE
This sketch of the History of Rome to 565 A. D. is primarily intended to meet the needs of introductory college courses in Roman History. However, it is hoped that it may also prove of service as a handbook for students of Roman life and literature in general. It is with the latter in mind that I have added the bibliographical note. Naturally, within the brief limits of such a text, it was impossible to defend the point of view adopted on disputed points or to take notice of divergent opinions. Therefore, to show the great debt which I owe to the work of others, and to provide those interested in particular problems with some guide to more detailed study, I have given a list of selected references, which express, I believe, the prevailing views of modern scholarship upon the various phases of Roman History.
I wish to acknowledge my general indebtedness to Professor W. S. Ferguson of Harvard University for his guidance in my approach to the study of Roman History, and also my particular obligations to Professor W. L. Westermann of Cornell, and to my colleagues, Professors A. L. Cross and J. G. Winter, for reading portions of my manuscript and for much helpful criticism.
A. E. R. BOAK. University of Michigan, October, 1921
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION PAGE THE SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF EARLY ROMAN HISTORY xiii PART I THE FORERUNNERS OF ROME IN ITALY CHAPTER I THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY 3 CHAPTER II PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATION IN ITALY
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A History of Rome to 565 A. D. by Boak
- 2: The Tribunate of Caius Gracchus
- 3: Chapter xviii from nerva to diocletian 96 285 a
- 4: The authorship of the earliest annals is not recorded
- 5: In general he depended upon Varro and Livy
- 6: Supplemented by the account in Diodorus
- 7: The climate of Italy as a whole
- 8: Which Paleolithic man fought and hunted
- 9: An art unknown to the Paleolithic Age
- 10: Which differs strikingly from that of the Neolithic Age
- 11: The Early Iron Age is of the Villanova type
- 12: Garganus southwards were located the Iapygians
- 13: Iberians in Sardinia and Corsica
- 14: The Etruscans practised inhumation
- 15: A land and sea attack upon Cyme itself
- 16: Cyme fell into the hands of a Samnite horde
- 17: The cantons with their oppida
- 18: As well as the part of the plateau back of the Esquiline
- 19: EARLY ROMAN SOCIETY The Populus Romanus
- 20: The plebs included the clients
- 21: Wars with the Aequi and Volsci
- 22: THE GALLIC INVASION The Gauls in the Po Valley
- 23: The territory won from the Volsci was treated in like manner
- 24: In the valley of the upper Liris
- 25: Relieved and garrisoned Thurii
- 26: The war with Pyrrhus and Tarentum
- 27: THE ROMAN CONFEDERACY Roman foreign policy
- 28: Unlike the Roman cives sine suffragio
- 29: Formed the federate allies of Rome the socii Italici
- 30: Was probably the old comitia curiata
- 31: The magistracy quaestors and aediles
- 32: In the same year there was established the curule aedileship
- 33: The tribunes of the plebs 466 B
- 34: Development of the tribunate and the comitia tributa
- 35: The plebeians were called conscripti
- 36: The increased importance of the tribunate
- 37: The Romans adopted the phalanx organization
- 38: Both the pilum and the scutum
- 39: If man observed all proper ritual in his worship
- 40: By the households of the various pagi
- 41: His power over the free members was called patria potestas
- 42: The mediterranean world in 265 b
- 43: Ruled by the house of the Antigonids
- 44: The Suffetes exercised judicial
- 45: There the town of Messana was occupied by the Mamertini
- 46: Which undertook the blockade of Lilybaeum and Drepana
- 47: In 231 Agron died and was succeeded by his queen Teuta
- 48: The successor of Antigonus Doson
- 49: War against the Boii and Insubres 224 222 B
- 50: Supported by the fleet of Massalia
- 51: Flaminius himself was among the slain
- 52: Then commanding north of the Ebro
- 53: Together they attacked Hasdrubal at the Metaurus
- 54: Under the Roman ally Masinissa
- 55: While Antiochus was to seize Phoenicia and Palestine
- 56: On the ground that they were friends amici of Rome
- 57: Flamininus returned to Italy in 194
- 58: Ambracia was surrendered and destroyed
- 59: The third macedonian war 171 167 b
- 60: In the same period falls the subjugation of the Ligurians
- 61: And the Lusitanians of Farther Spain
- 62: Then he opened the blockade of Numantia
- 63: The Achaeans assert their independence
- 64: To the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus in 133 B
- 65: Polybius and the Roman Constitution
- 66: But was regularly sought after the quaestorship
- 67: Two additional praetorships were added in 227
- 68: And the tributary civitates liberae et foederatae
- 69: For the publicani were usually corporations of Romans
- 70: The quaestio rerum repetundarum 149 B
- 71: The decline of the free peasantry
- 72: With the ruthless exploitation of conquered peoples
- 73: And subsequent attempts at sumptuary legislation in 181
- 74: Still using the native Saturnian
- 75: The second the development of the law by the jurists
- 76: But much more by the pantheism of the Stoic philosophy
- 77: The agrarian laws of tiberius gracchus 133 b
- 78: The legislation of Caius Gracchus
- 79: Especially the founding of Junonia
- 80: The consequences of the Gracchan disorders
- 81: And so he provoked Adherbal to war
- 82: Detached Bocchus from the cause of Jugurtha
- 83: The Cimbri had forced the other consul
- 84: SATURNINUS AND GLAUCIA Popular triumphs in Rome
- 85: The trial of Rutilius Rufus 93 B
- 86: Furthermore Umbria and Etruria
- 87: The conquests of Mithradates in Asia
- 88: But Mithradates still controlled the Aegean
- 89: And the coasts had been raided by the Mithradatic fleet
- 90: Sulla then turned against the second consul
- 91: Sulla at first opposed his wishes
- 92: And Sertorius was able to overrun Hither Spain also
- 93: Entered into alliance with Mithradates
- 94: Lucullus demanded his surrender from Tigranes
- 95: The Gauls and Germans followed Crixus
- 96: Occurred the trial of Caius Verres
- 97: Or intimidating other judges to render unjust decisions
- 98: Upon the defeat of Mithradates
- 99: And Mithradates committed suicide
- 100: Which Rullus was to choose by lot
- 101: Catiline was again a competitor
- 102: Added Transalpine Gaul and another legion
- 103: The defeat of the Helvetii and Ariovistus 58 B
- 104: Pompey had broken with Clodius
- 105: Under the supervision of the governor of Narbonese Gaul
- 106: On the pretext of his curatorship of the grain supply
- 107: Caesar hastened back to Massalia
- 108: Pompey arrived from Macedonia in time to save Dyrrhachium
- 109: The dictatorship of julius caesar 46 44 b
- 110: The plebs actually hailed Caesar as rex
- 111: The new Julian calendar went into effect on 1 January
- 112: Labienus and Varus fell on the field
- 113: Caesar had made no arrangements for a successor
- 114: Decimus Brutus went to his province of Cisalpine Gaul
- 115: Lepidus took the Spains and Narbonese Gaul
- 116: Octavian received the two Spains
- 117: His provinces were taken by Octavian
- 118: Avoiding the Mesopotamian desert
- 119: Octavian returned to Rome in 29 B
- 120: As governor of Cilicia and Cyprus
- 121: 000 Cornelii were of this number
- 122: An exception among the poets of his time was Lucretius
- 123: Sulpicius was a most productive author
- 124: During his sixth and seventh consulships
- 125: From the praenomen imperator is derived the term emperor
- 126: To become a candidate for the quaestorship
- 127: After filling several of these procuratorships
- 128: The legionaries and the auxiliaries
- 129: The Lares and the Genius Augusti
- 130: Or priestly officers called Seviri Augustales
- 131: THE PROVINCES AND THE FRONTIERS The Dyarchy
- 132: Raetia and Noricum were organized as procuratorial provinces
- 133: Defeated the Getae and Bastarnae
- 134: A young chieftain of the Cherusci
- 135: Who ranked between the legionaries and praetorians
- 136: And hence is known as the Monument of Ancyra
- 137: An estimate of his statesmanship
- 138: Under their leaders Arminius and Inguiomerus
- 139: The ambitious wife of Germanicus
- 140: In the meantime Caius had ordered Petronius
- 141: The decision was made for them by the praetorians
- 142: Afranius Burrus from Narbonese Gaul
- 143: The situation was saved by Corbulo
- 144: Vindex was joined by Sulpicius Galba
- 145: Now declared themselves for Vespasian and
- 146: 000 assembled for the reconquest of Judaea
- 147: The leader of this group was Helvidius Priscus
- 148: Vespasian made his son Titus praetorian prefect
- 149: The Sarmatian Iazyges between the Danube and the Theiss
- 150: The capital of Decebalus was captured
- 151: And set his own son Parthamasiris in his stead
- 152: And clothed him with the tribunician authority
- 153: For Verus was a weak character
- 154: The Marcomanni submitted in 172
- 155: For in the West Clodius Albinus
- 156: And the equestrian career was opened to veteran centurians
- 157: Caracalla was cruel and vicious
- 158: Alexander and Julia Mamaea were put to death
- 159: The dissolution and restoration of the empire 235 285 a
- 160: Valerian and Gallienus 253 268 A
- 161: Tetricus went over to Aurelian
- 162: He appointed his eldest son Carinus Augustus as his co ruler
- 163: The senatorial curators were dispensed with
- 164: The imperial constitutions included edicts
- 165: The friction between the Senate and the princeps
- 166: The ab epistulis was a secretary for correspondence
- 167: And the military treasury became a department of the fiscus
- 168: And none from Galatia or the West
- 169: In which both legionaries and auxiliaries were quartered
- 170: This line of defence was abandoned by Septimius Severus
- 171: Senatorial and imperial provinces
- 172: Legati Augusti and procurators
- 173: Free and immune liberae et immunes
- 174: Naucratis and Antinoopolis enjoyed municipal institutions
- 175: These municipalities were of two general types
- 176: The membership was called plebs or populus
- 177: And to which appointments were made by the curia
- 178: THE COLONATE OR SERFDOM While the municipal decurions
- 179: Outside of the municipal territories
- 180: Domains determined the rise of the colonate
- 181: The lofty tenements were of flimsy construction
- 182: The clients were recruited partly from freedmen
- 183: Despise the freedmen though they might
- 184: One and a half times the weight of the denarius of the day
- 185: Tacitus and his contemporaries
- 186: Whose literary activity falls in the time of the Severi
- 187: Amphitheatres and other structures in Rome
- 188: Merchants and colonies of oriental traders
- 189: Atayatis or the Syrian goddess
- 190: Chaldean and Egyptian astrologers enjoyed a great reputation
- 191: Christians were no longer liable to the didrachma
- 192: The imperial policy from Trajan to Maximus
- 193: Whose members were called at times elders presbyters
- 194: Maximian was unable to subdue him
- 195: Under the orders of Diocletian
- 196: Galerius and Constantius succeeded them as Augusti
- 197: And Maxentius found a supporter in Maximinus
- 198: Following Crispus and Constantine
- 199: Vetranio passed into honorable retirement
- 200: Constantius hastened to meet him
- 201: Valens rashly attacked the Goths at Hadrianople
- 202: The revolt of Arbogast and Eugenius
- 203: Was the use of dominus or dominus noster
- 204: With a definite regulation of insignia
- 205: Of the emperor they received the name of comitatenses
- 206: Such peoples were called federated allies foederati
- 207: He retained the three prefectures of Constans
- 208: The direction of the agentes in rebus
- 209: THE NOBILITY AND THE SENATE The senatorial order
- 210: The unit of taxation for land was the iugum
- 211: A similar payment made by the senatorial order of the empire
- 212: The defensores accomplished little
- 213: The status of the coloni became hereditary
- 214: The pretorian prefect of Illyricum
- 215: Stilicho was declared an enemy by Arcadius
- 216: Ataulf and the Goths crossed the Pyrenees into Spain
- 217: Gaiseric broke the peace and treacherously seized Carthage
- 218: Left them in possession of this district as Roman foederati
- 219: Who had succeeded to the position of Castinus
- 220: Was overthrown by Ricimer in 461
- 221: Odovacar was defeated in two battles and
- 222: But Gainas did not long retain his power
- 223: And he was deserted by both Verina and Illus
- 224: Three years later Anastasius died
- 225: Where the Vandal settlement occurred
- 226: The Burgundians and the Franks
- 227: In the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy Theoderic
- 228: The Ostrogothic king came to the aid of the Visigoths
- 229: He demanded the reinstatement of Hilderic
- 230: 533 completely surprised the Vandals
- 231: But on the death of Athanagild
- 232: And in the district of Lazica ancient Colchis
- 233: Had alienated the Monophysites
- 234: Neoplatonism was essentially a pantheism
- 235: It was during the reign of Theodosius II
- 236: Rural to designate non Christian
- 237: The patriarchate of Constantinople
- 238: SECTARIAN STRIFE Sectarianism
- 239: Dioscorus succeeded in having Flavian deprived of his see
- 240: Anthony and Pachomius in Egypt
- 241: Monasticism in the west Benedict
- 242: Claudius Claudianus and Rutilius Namatianus both fl
- 243: Christian Latin literature Lactantius d
- 244: Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia
- 245: There arose the Christian basilica
- 246: Etruscan settlement in Etruria
- 247: 285 Occupation of the Ager Gallicus
- 248: 89 85 First Mithradatic War
- 249: 43 Octavian consul
- 250: Pescennius Niger
- 251: 238 GORDIANUS I and GORDIANUS II
- 252: 364 375 valentinianus i
- 253: Bologne villanovienne et etrusque
- 254: Die Wirtschaftliche Entwickelung des Altertums
- 255: CHAPTER XVPolitical History Botsford
- 256: Geschichte der roemischen Kaiser
- 257: Les Corporations professionelles
- 258: Abriss der Byzantinischen Geschichte
- 259: Defeats Antiochus at Thermopylae
- 260: Antoninus Pius Titus AElius Aurelius
- 261: Won from Persians by Diocletian
- 262: Aurelian Lucius Domitius Aurelianus
- 263: Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus
- 264: Greater coveted by Mithridates
- 265: Claudius Tiberius Claudius Germanicus
- 266: Constantine II Flavius Claudius Constantinus
- 267: Domitian Titus Flavius Domitianus
- 268: 2 in Assembly of the Centuries
- 269: Galerius Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus
- 270: Hadrian Publius AElius Hadrianus
- 271: Proconsular within and without Italy
- 272: Julian Flavius Claudius Julianus
- 273: Codification planned by Julius Caesar
- 274: Martial Marcus Valerius Martialis
- 275: Maximinus Daia Galerius Valerius
- 276: Exercised by patrician senators
- 277: 1 the elder Caius Plinius Secundus
- 278: Disbanded and reconstituted by Sept
- 279: Foreshadowed by Pompey's position
- 280: Adoption of Greek mythology by Rome
- 281: Control over consuls restricted
- 282: Severus Alexander Marcus Aurelius
- 283: Appeals to Rome against Achaeans
- 284: Triumviri agris iudicandis assignandis
- 285: Valentinian I Flavius Valentinianus
- 286: Whence comes the adjective Punic
- 287: Prefecture of Illyricum dioceses of Eastern Illyricum
- 288: Period changed to comma after Optimates
