+-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES: | | | | | |Formatting and coding information: | | - Text in italics is marked with underscores as in _text_. | | - Bold-face text is marked =text=. | | - Superscript x and subscript x are represented as ^{x} and _{x},| | respectively. | | - sqrt(x) represents the square root of x. | | - [oe] and [OE] represent the oe-ligatures. | | - Greek letters are written between square brackets, as in [tau] | | or [theta]. | | - Overlined 1 is represented as [=1]. | | - [<] represents a 'rotated [Delta]'. | | | |General remarks: | | - Footnotes have been moved to directly below the paragraph they | | refer to. | | - In-line multiple line formulas have been changed to in-line | | single-line formulas, with brackets added when needed. | | - The Table of Contents has been corrected to conform to the text| | rather than to the original Table of Contents. | | - The table on operating costs of trains gives 'Other expenses | | per square mile.' This has been changed to 'Per mile' the same | | as the other expenses. | | - The table on dimensions of farm and road locomotives gives the | | diameter of the boiler shell as 30 feet, which seems unlikely. | | - Feet are sometimes used as unit of area, both knots and knots | | per hour as unit of speed. | | | |Changes in text: | | - Reference letters in the text have in several cases been | | changed to conform to the letters used in the illustrations. | | - Minor typographical errors have been corrected. | | - Except when mentioned here, inconsistencies in spelling | | and hyphenation have not been corrected. Exceptions: | | 'Desagulier' to 'Desaguliers' | | 'Seguin' to 'Seguin' | | 'Goldworthy Gurney' to 'Goldsworthy Gurney' | | 'Ctesibus' to 'Ctesibius' | | 'i.e.' to 'i. e.' | | 'Warmetheorie' to 'Waermetheorie' | | 'tour a tour' to 'tour a tour' | | 'the beam passes to the' to 'the steam passes to the' | | 'Desagulier' to 'Desaguliers' | | 'elever' to 'elever'. | | - 'As early as 1743' moved to new paragraph. | | - 'A = 6.264035' changed to 'a = 6.264035.' | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A History of the Growth of the Steam-Engine
- 2: The international scientific series
- 3: Professor of Psychological Medicine
- 4: Verein deutsche ingenieure
- 5: Mechanical Inventions of James Watt
- 6: The Newcomen Steam Pumping Engine
- 7: The Partnership of Boulton and Watt
- 8: Voyage of the Clermont to Albany
- 9: ENERGETICS AND THERMO DYNAMICS 419 General Outline
- 10: 1784 119 32
- 11: Stevens's Return Tubular Boiler
- 12: Vertical Stationary Steam Engine
- 13: The period of speculation from hero to worcester
- 14: Although James Watt was an inventor
- 15: A liquid is poured into the pedestal
- 16: On which are mounted a spherical vessel
- 17: This AEolipile consisted of a globe
- 18: And thus rivaled and excelled Cardan
- 19: And probably written by Besson
- 20: Porta is described as a mathematician
- 21: Entitled Les Raisons des Forces Mouvantes
- 22: Of aeolipiles as familiar and useful pieces of apparatus
- 23: And fitted up like the apparatus of De Caus
- 24: Worcester had attained practical success
- 25: This machine of Huyghens is of great interest
- 26: Was conferred upon Sir Samuel Morland
- 27: Presentee a Sa Majeste Tres Chretienne
- 28: And the practical application of known principles by Savery
- 29: The title of the patent reads A grant to Thomas Savery
- 30: The Kensington engine cost L50
- 31: As described by Savery himself
- 32: Savery never fitted his boilers with safety valves
- 33: Desaguliers used a spherical boiler
- 34: Engine built by Desaguliers in 1718
- 35: Papin became an assistant to Huyghens
- 36: Papin remained in Venice two years
- 37: The first machine of Papin Fig
- 38: Papin once more visited England
- 39: The character of atmospheric pressure
- 40: After some discussion with Calley
- 41: The Newcomen engine is shown in Fig
- 42: Potter's rude valve gear was soon improved by Henry Beighton
- 43: The chain and piston rod connect the piston to the beam
- 44: Taking it directly from the eduction pipe
- 45: Desaguliers recommended the iron cylinders
- 46: Smeaton was given the description
- 47: This engine was altered and improved by Smeaton in 1777
- 48: The Haarlemmer Meer alone covers nearly 50
- 49: This piston was called the floating piston
- 50: His father was a prominent citizen of Greenock
- 51: He went again to Glasgow in 1756
- 52: He finally took hold of the Newcomen model
- 53: At each stroke of the Newcomen engine
- 54: 37 Reminiscences of James Watt
- 55: Which followed the piston down the cylinder at each stroke
- 56: Roebuck proposed to transfer to Boulton and to Dr
- 57: Boulton had shown himself a good scholar
- 58: And a model was constructed by Boulton
- 59: The successful trial of the Kinneil engine
- 60: By the reaction of the valves successively
- 61: Boulton took charge of the general business
- 62: But Wasborough anticipated him in securing the patent
- 63: 40 Lives of Boulton and Watt
- 64: The inequality of pressure due to expansion
- 65: The Hornblower engine was soon given up
- 66: This hammer weighed 7 1 2 hundredweight
- 67: That of the spindle changed correspondingly
- 68: With a perfect vacuum in the condenser
- 69: Boulton Watt's Double Acting Engine
- 70: Valve Gear of the Albion Mills Engine
- 71: It has justly been called the engineers' stethoscope
- 72: The copartnership of Boulton Watt terminated by limitation
- 73: Writes 41 41 Life of Watt
- 74: The contemporaries of james watt
- 75: Murdoch was employed by Boulton Watt in 1776
- 76: As patented by Hornblower in 1781
- 77: See Life of Richard Trevithick
- 78: Watt had made a pipe condenser
- 79: The way had been fairly opened by Boulton and Watt
- 80: Steam is furnished by the boiler
- 81: The steam pipes carrying steam to the steam cylinder
- 82: Cugnot was a mechanic by choice
- 83: It is attached directly to the piston rod
- 84: In the sketch above given of the Oruktor Amphibolis
- 85: Where it was called the Trevithick Boiler
- 86: And was again proposed afterward by Gurney
- 87: Burstall Hill made a steam carriage
- 88: Patented a boiler of such peculiar form
- 89: Plying between London City and Paddington
- 90: Hancock put all his carriages on the Paddington road
- 91: That rates of toll have been imposed on steam carriages
- 92: Illustration Richard Trevithick
- 93: Trevithick built a railroad in London
- 94: Trevithick at last left England
- 95: All this Colonel Stevens embraced in his views
- 96: Hedley proposed to sprinkle ashes on the track
- 97: It was at Willington Quay that his son Robert
- 98: And made so many improvements at the Killingworth pit
- 99: The Stephenson lamp is simply extinguished
- 100: These engines were quite similar to the Killingworth engine
- 101: Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railroad
- 102: George Stephenson was almost alone
- 103: The Stephenson engine having few
- 104: He was placed on the Northumbrian
- 105: Among these was the pneumatic system of propulsion
- 106: Stephenson was attacked with intermittent fever
- 107: Between mid gear and full gear
- 108: And its trial took place in August at Honesdale
- 109: Had a horizontal tubular boiler
- 110: And completed late in the year 1831
- 111: In the construction of the Camden Amboy Railroad
- 112: Began building engines as early as 1834
- 113: The steam engine applied to ship propulsion
- 114: And a description of paddle wheels applied to vessels
- 115: Papin narrowly escaped with his life
- 116: Ha and Hb are two wheels on the paddle shafts
- 117: To sustain this arbor and the wheels
- 118: And was the inventor of the screw auger
- 119: Friends and companions of Jouffroy
- 120: Fitch declined further negotiation
- 121: A controversy with Rumsey now followed
- 122: Fitch commenced another steamboat
- 123: Several mechanics were now at work besides Fitch
- 124: And Stevens met Morey at New York
- 125: Lord Dundas and William Symmington
- 126: Barlow carried over the plans of the Polacca
- 127: ROBERT FULTON was a native of Little Britain
- 128: Fulton met Robert Livingston Chancellor Livingston
- 129: Fulton had already written to Boulton Watt
- 130: The engine of the Clermont Fig
- 131: And Fulton designed a steam vessel of war
- 132: Launch of the Fulton the First
- 133: And Screw Propellers used by Stevens
- 134: In the boiler I am about to describe
- 135: Built a boat which he named the Ph oe nix
- 136: And adopted anthracite as a steaming coal
- 137: Stevens's Return Tubular Boiler
- 138: Colonel John Stevens had proposed
- 139: Subsequently 1824 patented by Babcock
- 140: And Daniel Copeland and his son
- 141: His boat was built at Pittsburgh in 1811
- 142: From Liverpool the Savannah sailed
- 143: The Sirius sailed from Cork April 4
- 144: These four vessels had an aggregate tonnage of 4
- 145: Bramah does not seem to have put his plan in practice
- 146: And made an excursion with Ericsson on the Ogden
- 147: In later examples of the Woodcroft screw
- 148: Ultimately the screw became the essential feature
- 149: Called for by the new system of propulsion
- 150: The complete success of transoceanic steam transportation
- 151: And durable forms of engine and boiler
- 152: The introduction of higher steam and greater expansion
- 153: Vertical Stationary Steam Engine
- 154: Horizontal Stationary Steam Engine
- 155: The valve gear 86 differs in having four valves
- 156: The invention is claimed for both Hogg and Sickels
- 157: 98 Corliss Engine Valve Motion
- 158: In the original water dash pot of Sickels
- 159: He had much trouble in securing effective lubrication
- 160: He adopted greatly increased piston speed
- 161: Higher piston speeds came slowly into use
- 162: The plunger is raised by the engine
- 163: From before the auxiliary piston
- 164: Double Cylinder Pumping Engine
- 165: Flue boilers are frequently cylindrical
- 166: Stationary Locomotive Boiler
- 167: Several such sections composing the boiler
- 168: The Root sectional boiler Fig
- 169: The engine is usually attached to the boiler
- 170: Heaters are invariably used in such cases
- 171: Attached to locomotive boilers
- 172: The carefully covered surfaces of cylinder and boiler
- 173: From crank shaft to driving wheel
- 174: 120 reciprocating engines and pumps are adopted
- 175: The Silsby Rotary Steam Fire Engine
- 176: In some forms of rotary engine
- 177: A locomotive has two steam cylinders
- 178: Leads the steam to the valve chest
- 179: Is sent to the larger cylinder
- 180: 640In 1873 came the great financial crisis
- 181: The crank and shaft are of wrought iron
- 182: Oscillating Engine and Feathering Paddle Wheel
- 183: By a very light engine and boiler
- 184: Like an immense hollow piston rod
- 185: And coupled his cranks at angles of 180 deg
- 186: The Octavia had three steam cylinders
- 187: And the introduction of surface condensation
- 188: The Hassler is a small steamer
- 189: And probably in towage exceed 50 per cent
- 190: And is much less costly than the water tubular
- 191: Who devised the Sickels cut off
- 192: To steamships over 550 feet long
- 193: And the automatic classes of torpedoes
- 194: 000 less than that of the Minotaur
- 195: The steam boilers supplying the paddle engines have 44
- 196: Of an immense quantity of carbon
- 197: And especially of the science of thermo dynamics
- 198: Philadelphus and the later Ptolemies
- 199: The Aristotelian method of observing facts
- 200: The fall of the Alexandrian Museum
- 201: Was worthily matched by Newton
- 202: And Galileo had enunciated the laws of motion
- 203: And dynamically by the velocity which it will produce
- 204: For which we are indebted to Rumford and Davy
- 205: 106 This idea was not by any means original with Rumford
- 206: Illustration James Prescott Joule
- 207: Joule also deduced the position of the absolute zero
- 208: The name of thermo dynamic function
- 209: Simultaneously with Rankine and Clausius
- 210: The marked distinction between gases
- 211: Regnault is the standard authority on these data
- 212: The analytical work of Rankine
- 213: From the kinetic energy of the sun's rays
- 214: Joule recalled attention to this idea
- 215: Phi is the thermo dynamic function
- 216: Into active and usefully available kinetic energy
- 217: The heat would all pass off unutilized
- 218: 000 kilogrammetres of work from the 7
- 219: To condensation and reevaporation of steam
- 220: The speed of piston has become very high
- 221: They can be satisfactorily answered
- 222: The boiler furnished the steam
- 223: Down to a temperature of 200 deg
- 224: Extreme accuracy in proportions
- 225: High pressure engine with maximum economy
- 226: Smeaton used wood on his pistons
- 227: In securing complete combustion
- 228: As the boiler grows weak with age
- 229: In this interesting book Professor Rood
- 230: Doyen Honoraire de la Faculte de Medecine
- 231: Suicide is a scientific inquiry
- 232: ILLUSIONS A Psychological Study
- 233: And wasps during the last ten years
- 234: Ribot reduces diseases of memory to law
- 235: With an Introduction by NOAH PORTER
- 236: Lauder Lindsay in two large volumes
- 237: Scientific lectures and essays