A History of Oregon, 1792-1849 by Gray
Page 1 of 451
[Illustration: ASTORIA IN 1811.]
A HISTORY
OF
OREGON,
1792-1849,
DRAWN FROM PERSONAL OBSERVATION AND AUTHENTIC INFORMATION.
BY
W. H. GRAY,
OF
ASTORIA.
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR FOR SUBSCRIBERS.
PORTLAND, OREGON: HARRIS & HOLMAN.
SAN FRANCISCO: H. H. BANCROFT & CO.
NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY.
1870.
CORRECTIONS:
FIRST LETTER.
4th page, 2nd line from bottom, after the word horror, read _at_.
6th page, 2nd line from bottom, " quote.
7th page, end of paragraph, ".
23rd page, in place of 283, page 273.
24th page, after zealous priest of, read _the_.
26th page, 5th line, for missionaries, read _missions_.
SECOND LETTER.
5th page, first word, for abrogate, read _arrogate_.
8th page, in this letter, read in _his_ letter.
23rd page, for unmbers, read _numbers_.
29th page, 1st paragraph, for dispersing, read _dispensing_.
30th page, 2nd paragraph, for barely, read _basely_ betrayed.
32nd page, for mith, read _with_ many thanks.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by
W. H. GRAY,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of Oregon.
INTRODUCTORY.
The reader will observe that when we commenced furnishing the historical articles for the _Marine Gazette_, we did not know that they would be of sufficient interest to justify arranging them in book form; but few articles had been given, however, before there was a call for back numbers of the paper, which were not on hand. It was then decided to continue the articles, giving an opportunity to correct errors in statement of historical facts, and collect such as were printed, with all just criticisms, review the whole, and complete the manuscript for publication.
As will be seen, we have endeavored to narrate events in plain language, and as nearly in the order of occurrence as possible.
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A History of Oregon, 1792-1849 by Gray
- 2: English Hudson's Bay effort to secure Oregon
- 3: Puget Sound Agricultural Company
- 4: The Hudson's Bay Company recommend the Wallamet Rev
- 5: White's expedition to the Nez Perces
- 6: Letter from Governor Abernethy
- 7: Hines against the proposed Executive Committee
- 8: The Oregon Printing press Association
- 9: Statements of Father Brouillet criticised
- 10: Brouillet attempts to get a statement from her
- 11: That of Oregon is no exception
- 12: Commanded by Captain Broughton
- 13: Lyman sent the ship Guatimozin
- 14: They were cultivated at Astoria
- 15: And abandoned post at Okanagon
- 16: And consummated by McDougal and his associates
- 17: With McDougal and others equally prominent
- 18: A deadly feud sprang up between the rival companies
- 19: This French stipulation in the treaty of Utrecht
- 20: By virtue of the privileges conferred in that charter
- 21: English Hudson's Bay effort to secure Oregon
- 22: McLaughlin became a factor of the Hudson's Bay Company
- 23: McLaughlin in his treatment of emigrants
- 24: And is further illustrated by this same Sir Edward Belcher
- 25: We will add a statement of Sir James Douglas
- 26: Containing a copy of this Jesuit history of the murder of Dr
- 27: To check feuds among British subjects
- 28: They could easily secure Oregon as British territory
- 29: This party of Major Pilcher were all cut off but two men
- 30: At their junction Captain Wyeth stopped
- 31: Captain Wyeth received his goods
- 32: Some thirty five miles up the Wallamet River
- 33: CHAPTER VI Murder of John McLaughlin
- 34: John McLaughlin in the second story
- 35: Antoine afterward told Peter that Mr
- 36: Which was washed away afterward by the Kanakas
- 37: When he promised to protect Urbaine
- 38: Urbaine told them what McPherson had said
- 39: McLaughlin when he should make his appearance
- 40: The Esquimaux naturally promised every thing
- 41: Barnley continues My letter of introduction
- 42: To use the language of the Jesuit De Smet
- 43: And their wages would have remained the same
- 44: And many other Jesuit missionaries
- 45: Having purchased lands from Lord Selkirk
- 46: Beyond the limits of the aforesaid settlement
- 47: Or to persevere in violating or evading the same
- 48: Privileges and immunities of commerce
- 49: Puget Sound Agricultural Company
- 50: 520 the real additional sum subscribed being L94
- 51: Belonging to the Puget Sound Agricultural Company
- 52: Doctor William Fraser Tolmie and Mr
- 53: The Puget Sound Agricultural Company
- 54: By long practice and experience
- 55: Under the name of the Puget Sound Association
- 56: Civilization ruins their monopoly
- 57: In accepting their original charter
- 58: It has been mischievous to Great Britain
- 59: Case of The Hudson's Bay Company v
- 60: While the actual subscription was but L94
- 61: 350 sterling money more than their nominal stock
- 62: With frontage on the Columbia River
- 63: Is cross questioned Interrogatory 477
- 64: With reference to the American trappers and traders
- 65: Fixing the nominal stock of the Hudson's Bay Company at L2
- 66: And to the Puget Sound concern
- 67: So managed as to exterminate all surplus and useless Indians
- 68: And Major Alvord were alarmists
- 69: Honorable Hudson's Bay Company
- 70: In some instances with their rum
- 71: Samuel Parker in his own language
- 72: Barnley says At Moose Factory
- 73: Their own Wesleyan and Episcopal missionaries
- 74: Greenhow wrote his history with the light then existing
- 75: To repeat just what they did in Oregon
- 76: And commercial jurisdiction over all this vast country
- 77: Parker was inclined to self applause
- 78: The Nez Perces were to take charge of Mr
- 79: Spalding and wife to accompany Dr
- 80: Spalding always appeared easy and cheerful
- 81: Some forty miles from Fort Leavenworth
- 82: Soon repairs axletree by a new one
- 83: Mission party in rear till we reached Fort Laramie
- 84: Whitman in charge of the wagon train
- 85: They brought him to Wallawalla
- 86: Arrival at American rendezvous
- 87: Were the camps of the Flatheads and Nez Perces
- 88: Joined the Snake and Bannock warriors
- 89: McLeod and McKay having retired to their camps
- 90: And the Blackfeet came upon us
- 91: As he had bought him a Nez Perce wife
- 92: Spalding is a first rate woman
- 93: With the advice and intimations received from Captain Wyeth
- 94: A word from McLeod would have stopped the caravan
- 95: High ranges of barren sage hills on the south
- 96: Say a fine fresh salmon for two fish hooks
- 97: We had only reached Salmon Falls
- 98: Young for his loss in stopping his distillery project
- 99: By calling to its aid superstition and priestcraft
- 100: In Victoria and British Columbia the town lots
- 101: At that time called Fort Boise
- 102: And determine the location of Wallawalla
- 103: Having also a tenon upon each end
- 104: Pambrun and two young children misses
- 105: At the Dalles our party made another portage
- 106: The flattened head of the royal families
- 107: Captain Pambrun evaded a direct answer
- 108: Running diagonally around the entire stockade
- 109: McLaughlin replied emphatically
- 110: The Hudson's Bay Company recommend the Wallamet
- 111: Slacum at once subscribed the requisite stock
- 112: Lying off the mouth of the Wallamet River
- 113: Leaving their horses at Wallawalla
- 114: As did the other gentlemen of Vancouver
- 115: And well did the noble Shepard
- 116: Since governor of Vancouver Island and British Columbia
- 117: John McLaughlin in marriage to Mrs
- 118: And goes to Wallawalla on horseback
- 119: Started for the Lapwai station
- 120: Having made several portages over ice in reaching Wallawalla
- 121: And starts in company with Ermatinger on his return
- 122: We were joined by a part of the Flathead tribe
- 123: Were met by Ermatinger and a few Flathead chiefs
- 124: Re enforcement to the Methodist Mission
- 125: This gave to the Methodist Mission
- 126: And that it could be taken to the Wallamet settlement
- 127: The interpreters of Wallawalla being of the Catholic faith
- 128: Whitman and party they sent for Blanchet and Demerse
- 129: And servants of the Hudson's Bay Company became catechists
- 130: Spalding soon learned to set type
- 131: Ermatinger and the Hudson's Bay Company
- 132: And Robert Shortess were of the party
- 133: Upon the lands called Wailatpu
- 134: Clark was an honest and substantial farmer
- 135: Littlejohn was the opposite of Smith
- 136: Nineteen ministers thirteen Methodist
- 137: And your petitioners represent
- 138: And your petitioners represent
- 139: Esquire Douglas stated the case to him
- 140: Youngest daughter of Governor McLaughlin
- 141: McLaughlin and his children to the death
- 142: It was then resolved to adjourn
- 143: The Methodist Mission party was safe
- 144: McLaughlin having informed them in the start
- 145: And thence along the coast north as far as the Umpqua River
- 146: Or rather belonging to Michel's Umpqua wife
- 147: The Hudson's Bay Company Captain D
- 148: Rogers for the Wallamet in 1841
- 149: To locate in the Puget Sound district
- 150: During this year the Wallamet Milling Company was formed
- 151: The citizens of the Wallamet Valley
- 152: The Nez Perces are represented to be more noble
- 153: Petition against Governor McLaughlin
- 154: And admirably adapted to grazing
- 155: Spalding was grossly insulted in her own house
- 156: Some 120 or 130 miles from Wailatpu
- 157: The Cayuses and Wallawallas should be
- 158: Soon the Bloody Chief not less than ninety years old arose
- 159: Spalding to do the same on the part of the Indians
- 160: Spalding to distribute among their industrious poor
- 161: If any one steal he shall pay back twofold
- 162: With them as with the Nez Perces
- 163: Most successfully carried forward
- 164: In company with Nathaniel Crocker
- 165: Whitman was located at Wailatpu
- 166: Your kind donation of fifty hoes
- 167: Spalding has instructed ten females in knitting
- 168: This offensive trait in the Indian character I believe
- 169: And well conducted schools in Oregon
- 170: And furnish the settlers with guns and ammunition
- 171: We left these Wallawallas and Cayuses
- 172: And my influence was manifestly increased
- 173: I remove all licentious offenders from among them
- 174: And has made a claim at the falls of the Wallamet
- 175: As to the claim for the Oregon Institute
- 176: And buried it in the Wallamet River
- 177: And come to reside at the falls of the Wallamet
- 178: And many running merely to witness the affray
- 179: And learned that they were Molallas and Klamaths
- 180: With the residue of their people
- 181: Together with the presents in hoes
- 182: Your humble and obedient servant
- 183: All which is respectfully submitted
- 184: The Methodist Mission influence
- 185: Joseph Gervais on the first Monday in March next
- 186: To secure the approval of the Methodist Mission
- 187: The citizens of Wallamet Valley met
- 188: Previous to the time of his subscription
- 189: Abernethy ridicule the organization
- 190: You speak of a debate in a Lyceum
- 191: Bailey was in the Sandwich Islands
- 192: It will be remembered that Vicar General Brouillet
- 193: The Canadian citizens of Wallamet
- 194: And make the regulations suitable for the people
- 195: Giving the oath taken by the Jesuits
- 196: To assume any religion heretical
- 197: Le Breton had informed the committee
- 198: That three constables be chosen
- 199: Hines tells us they opposed it
- 200: Hines has given us a good history
- 201: Induced the Nez Perces to adopt a code of laws
- 202: And going so far as to get possession of Fort Wallawalla
- 203: Whitman was called to visit a patient at old Fort Wallawalla
- 204: Lovejoy became exhausted from toil and exposure
- 205: He would use his influence to hold on to Oregon
- 206: And bond of John McLaughlin
- 207: And erect it at Wallamet Falls
- 208: McLaughlin had a storehouse erected for the company
- 209: And your memorialists will ever pray
- 210: Shortess to maintain the rights of American citizens in it
- 211: Deed John McLaughlin to Walter Pomeroy
- 212: Bond John McLaughlin to Albert E
- 213: Sometimes called the Wallamet Falls settlement
- 214: McLaughlin only lends his name
- 215: Connected with the Clackamas Indians by marriage
- 216: Le Breton returned the following day
- 217: Individuals had come down from Fort Wallawalla to Vancouver
- 218: McLaughlin advised the Frenchmen
- 219: Hines and party arrived at the Dalles
- 220: Hines affirms on his 156th page
- 221: Then in charge of Fort Wallawalla
- 222: The Oregon mission ignored by the American Board
- 223: Webster coolly informed him that he had his mind made up
- 224: And attention to the emigration of 1843
- 225: McLaughlin from the fall of 1846 till his death
- 226: McLaughlin on his cross examination
- 227: McLaughlin as long as they could
- 228: Eells and Walker could never see
- 229: Previous to our leaving Wailatpu
- 230: We reached Taos in about thirty days
- 231: Hines' narrative of his trip among the Cayuses
- 232: Some saying to make war upon the Cayuses
- 233: Yellow Serpent was pleased with the explanation
- 234: Pambrun to compel him to give more goods for horses and furs
- 235: And Tawatowe was nominated to the highest chieftainship
- 236: Rushing upon the now terrified doctress
- 237: Hines tells us on the 110th page of his book
- 238: The settlers could rely upon him
- 239: And Dougherty favored the closed door sessions
- 240: Had met the settlers at Champoeg on the 2d of May previous
- 241: Newell was opposed to any military arrangements at all
- 242: Hubbard was considerably under the influence of Newell
- 243: Shortess reminded us of this speech
- 244: As reported and read at Champoeg
- 245: Except upon the adoption of the proviso
- 246: Hines was swelling and becoming uneasy
- 247: Babcock was clearly against us
- 248: Walker were chosen that committee
- 249: One published by Charles Saxton in 1846
- 250: A Probate Court and Justice Court
- 251: As prescribed in said laws of Iowa
- 252: West of the Wallamet or Multnomah River
- 253: For defraying the expenses of government
- 254: Recorded in the office of the Territorial recorder
- 255: Whitman had safely arrived in Washington
- 256: The Jesuits could influence the Indians
- 257: The building of bastions at Fort Vancouver
- 258: While he was absent from Oregon in 1838 9
- 259: And Whitman must fall by their influence
- 260: And aid them in getting to Oregon
- 261: As Oregon would some day be a great country
- 262: And continued it till their leader was taken by Le Breton
- 263: Beers presented an official letter from Hon
- 264: With all their Indian combinations
- 265: Burnett was a lawyer from Missouri
- 266: Abernethy was again the opposing candidate
- 267: Robert Newell has been previously described
- 268: The Oregon Printing press Association
- 269: While legislating for the people of Oregon
- 270: And we sincerely hope that Oregon
- 271: George Geary arrived in the country
- 272: And connection with the Methodist Mission
- 273: Death of the Indian Elijah
- 274: With all the distilling apparatus
- 275: The entire Wallamet and Umpqua valleys
- 276: We obtain from the Sandwich Islands
- 277: And lawless whites of so many nations
- 278: To be recovered by indictment in the Circuit Court
- 279: Which oath or affirmation the collector shall administer
- 280: In the name of Oregon Territory
- 281: Been hived up in Oregon City during the winter
- 282: I helped to kill and butcher the ox
- 283: On an excursion to procure elk and deer skins
- 284: But instead of revenging the death of Elijah
- 285: Thought extremely highly of the whites of Wallamet
- 286: Ellis more than properly appreciated my motives and proffers
- 287: I thought best to come up on the blind side of Alderman
- 288: And represent the wants of Oregon
- 289: Intruded on the Hudson's Bay Company's premises
- 290: On the north bank of the Columbia River
- 291: As representatives of the citizens of Oregon
- 292: The timber of Oregon is indeed most superior
- 293: The government of Oregon has grown up from necessity
- 294: In company with a party of Wallawallas
- 295: Are still troublesome to the immigrants
- 296: Into the valley of the Wallamet
- 297: As these protested drafts crowd and embarrass me much
- 298: And believes it to be moderate and equitable
- 299: Delegates were elected to meet at Champoeg in convention
- 300: Applegate has been one of our best
- 301: Ermatinger was popular among the Americans
- 302: The organic laws of the people first adopted at Champoeg
- 303: Vicar General Brouillet get this letter
- 304: Second session of the Legislative Committee
- 305: Was introduced into this house by Jesse Applegate
- 306: Applegate presented a resolution
- 307: Applegate is caught in his trap
- 308: And were as follows Yeas Messrs
- 309: An attested copy of this resolution
- 310: And Newell were compelled to acknowledge his deception
- 311: This vote seemed to annoy Applegate
- 312: Exempts if a family one Bible
- 313: Who had become a resident of Clackamas
- 314: And seize the distilling apparatus
- 315: And distillation of ardent spirits in Oregon
- 316: Of an indiscriminate use of ardent spirits
- 317: Took Geere before Esquire Tibbetts
- 318: Delivered at the meeting lately held in Oregon City
- 319: Now stationed at Fort Vancouver
- 320: Now stationed at Fort Vancouver
- 321: When the prohibitory law was about being passed
- 322: Tolmie to be a member of the judiciary committee
- 323: Caused by the crime of these licenses
- 324: Started from Newburyport for Oregon
- 325: Constitution of the Oregon Printing Association
- 326: Newell and Long acted together
- 327: Statements of Father Brouillet criticised
- 328: Whitman and those at his station
- 329: Blanchet and Demerse passed down the Columbia River
- 330: As stated by Brouillet and Ross Browne
- 331: On their first arrival at Wallawalla
- 332: McBean and Sir James Douglas have written extensively
- 333: And it had been shot by Francis Sager
- 334: Edward Sager sat down by his side and asked for medicine
- 335: The priests' party brought him to Boise
- 336: Cut the face of John Sager while he was yet alive
- 337: An Indian seized Francis Sager from among the children
- 338: Joe Stanfield Brouillet's story in his favor
- 339: The influence he had to stop the massacre at any time
- 340: About twenty miles from Wailatpu
- 341: Soon after the conversation with Bewley
- 342: After he returned from the Umatilla
- 343: Why did you think Stanfield was a Catholic
- 344: Statement of Miss Lorinda Bewley
- 345: Spalding to give up in despair
- 346: And McBean is all caution to the captives
- 347: Bewley for speaking unadvisedly before Joe Stanfield
- 348: Over the bodies of the Doctor and John Sager
- 349: But after being taken to Umatilla
- 350: See statement of Stanfield by Brouillet
- 351: Private secretary to Colonel Gilliam
- 352: The interpreter for Colonel Gilliam
- 353: Father Brouillet know all this
- 354: And that of his Reverence Brouillet
- 355: Brouillet attempts to get a statement from her
- 356: Ogden had arrived at Wallawalla
- 357: Questions to Miss Lorinda Bewley
- 358: I was overwhelmed with such evidence at Wailatpu
- 359: That 'the morning of the day when young Bewley was killed
- 360: As well as the men who had survived the massacre
- 361: And myself Vicar General Brouillet
- 362: Up to the time of the taking of Fort Nez Perces
- 363: McKinley doubtless told Brouillet
- 364: To justify the Whitman massacre by the Indians
- 365: Burnett gave up the contest with Mr
- 366: Which led him to give those names to Major Magone
- 367: And purport to have been translated by Brouillet
- 368: Spalding said to the Doctor
- 369: Miss Bewley says The bishop told me I had better go
- 370: Hinman that this messenger went to him at the Dalles station
- 371: McBean did give him positive instructions
- 372: Commenced firing on those slaughtering the animal
- 373: And Brouillet are more brutish than the Indians
- 374: This statement by McBean is made
- 375: Copied and given to the public of Oregon
- 376: By special express from Wallawalla
- 377: The mission being situated in the Cayuse country
- 378: Spalding advised him to do it gradually
- 379: The crime itself was most inhuman and brutal
- 380: He affirmed this company held over the country in 1846
- 381: Bishop Blanchet and his priests
- 382: Douglas omits in his letter to Governor Abernethy
- 383: They carry but their crucifixes
- 384: Message of Governor Abernethy
- 385: And equip a company of riflemen
- 386: They arrived at Vancouver on the 10th of December
- 387: For the late massacre at Wailatpu
- 388: The commissioners feel well assured
- 389: Special messenger to Washington
- 390: The Legislative Assembly of Oregon Territory
- 391: Your memorialists can devise no means of liquidating
- 392: Your memorialists would respectfully represent
- 393: Received by the treasurer from Champoeg County
- 394: Hinman has been of great service to me here
- 395: Hinman for many other items which I dare not write
- 396: So as not to compromise either party
- 397: That company has enjoyed the monopoly of this vast country
- 398: A rumor having been in circulation
- 399: Our governor and General Gilliam wilted right down
- 400: And said that two Cayuses were at Des Chutes
- 401: He then proceeds to Wallawalla
- 402: He learned that the Des Chutes Indians were hostile
- 403: As soon as Finlay made his appearance
- 404: With several prominent Indians of the Nez Perces
- 405: He said he would go to Wallamet
- 406: The army had made its way to Wailatpu
- 407: But the sympathies of the Nez Perces are with the Cayuses
- 408: McBean professes to know the views of the Nez Perces
- 409: The incomparable services of Sergeant Major Birch
- 410: The ammunition boats arrived here this evening
- 411: Thornton was called to the chair
- 412: Be published in the Oregon Spectator
- 413: As he had with his army the Indian peace commissioners
- 414: The Indians retired with their cattle
- 415: McBean did not mention his name
- 416: The Jesuits were working against American Protestantism
- 417: Father De Smet says These four letters of Rev
- 418: Through the Jesuit missionaries
- 419: Enlistments among the Irish stopped from that time
- 420: While that church professes the open Catholic faith
- 421: Saying there had been Cayuses to them
- 422: Lieutenant Rogers seized the ammunition
- 423: The priest had abandoned the mission
- 424: And Jesuitical falsehoods
- 425: With your little budget of Irish rags
- 426: Present governor of Oregon
- 427: And not impossible from Robert Newell
- 428: The Coeur d'Alene Mission
- 429: The workmen were two or three Jesuit priests
- 430: Either before the chief or the catechist
- 431: We have never doubted for a moment that the Cayuse
- 432: Came to the military post at the Dalles
- 433: The disaffected Cayuses were among them
- 434: Brought an Episcopal minister to Vancouver
- 435: Spalding's associates arrived overland
- 436: And strongly in favor of sectarian schools
- 437: Whitman at the missionary house
- 438: Or have been deceived by commercial
- 439: During the existence of the provisional government
- 440: And found it to be unproductive
- 441: The Wallamet Valley is from forty to sixty miles wide
- 442: Some six miles above is the flourishing town of Wallawalla
- 443: Some fifteen miles from the mouth of the Spokan
- 444: Especially that of north Idaho and Montana
- 445: That of Oregon is estimated at $2
- 446: The other via Snoqualmie Pass and Yakima River
- 447: And the night we crossed the Wasatch range
- 448: The better for Washington and Montana
- 449: With the American missionaries
- 450: In counteracting American ideas and influence
- 451: The original list of errata is below