Produced by Robert W. Jones from an original print of the 1st edition held by The British Library, London. (Shelfmark: 432d12/432.d.12). The text was then compared against that of an original print of the 2nd edition held by the Library (Archives & Rare Books), London School of Economics and Political Science.
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= This book was copy TYPED by R.W. Jones < This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > from an original print of the 1st edition held by The British Library, London. (Shelfmark: 432d12/432.d.12).
The resultant text was then compared, using a text to speech player, against that of an original print of the 2nd edition held by the Library (Archives & Rare Books), London School of Economics and Political Science. This e-text incorporates the (very few) modifications included in the later edition.
Images of the four Charts are not included nor were they or the Indexes of the respective editions compared. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
{Here appears before the fly-leaf the first chart, entitled "Chart of Universal Commercial History, from the year 1500 before the Christian Era TO THE PRESENT YEAR 1805. being a space of Three Thousand three hundred and four years, by William Playfair. Inventor of Linear Arithmetic"}
AN INQUIRY INTO THE PERMANENT CAUSES OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF POWERFUL AND WEALTHY NATIONS, ILLUSTRATED BY FOUR ENGRAVED CHARTS.
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By
WILLIAM PLAYFAIR,
AUTHOR OF NOTES AND CONTINUATION OF AN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF THE WEALTH OF NATIONS, BY ADAM SMITH, LL.D. AND INVENTOR OF LINEAR ARITHMETIC, &C.
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DESIGNED TO SHEW HOW THE PROSPERITY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE MAY BE PROLONGED.
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___________________ THE SECOND EDITION ___________________
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR GREENLAND AND NORRIS, BOOKSELLERS, FINSBURY-SQUARE.
1807.
W. Marchant, Printer, 3 Greville-Street, Holborn.
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P R E F A C E.
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If it is of importance to study by what means a nation may acquire wealth and power, it is not less so to discover by what means wealth and power, when once acquired, may be preserved.
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: An Inquiry into the Permanent Causes of the Declin
- 2: Peculiarly desolated and degraded
- 3: Burke alludes to such fluctuation is
- 4: The following Inquiry would be of no sort of utility
- 5: The Egyptians have left records equally authentic
- 6: End of page xiii them through an intricate labyrinth
- 7: I owe the invention of those Charts
- 8: Arising from the possession of wealth
- 9: Arising from the unequal division of property
- 10: Mode proposed for preventing future increase
- 11: While the rulers of mankind were indolent and luxurious
- 12: And greatly facilitated commerce and the arts
- 13: To be invulnerable to men of lesser force
- 14: But power never destroys wealth
- 15: It is not altogether so with wealth
- 16: And occasioned the accumulation of wealth
- 17: As the use of gunpowder has been
- 18: It was very different formerly
- 19: We imitated the silk mills of Italy
- 20: Leads to a state of inaction and rest
- 21: Their bravery and the skill of their leaders
- 22: Augments the difficulty of accomplishing their intentions
- 23: Directly on the borders of the Mediterranean Sea
- 24: The Phoenicians were a colony from that great country
- 25: Except the destruction of Tyre
- 26: Though in very unequal numbers
- 27: In addition to personal bravery
- 28: The consular government was favourable
- 29: And had recourse to new stratagems
- 30: While at Carthage all was venal
- 31: The splendour of Rome augmented
- 32: Sicily and Africa supplied the Roman people with bread
- 33: May sometimes have the splendour and magnanimity of princes
- 34: Had diminished the resources of Carthage
- 35: This compendium of the Roman history
- 36: Had the murderers of Julius Caesar
- 37: As that of a nation of wealthy and idle people
- 38: In the time of Charlemagne they were Pagans
- 39: This gave rise to the famous Hanseatic League
- 40: But their insolence to the Dutch
- 41: By banishing industry from Flanders
- 42: In which many of the Hanse Towns were situated
- 43: And across Arabia Petrea to Rhinocolura
- 44: Much more navigable than the Euphrates
- 45: The inhabitants of Marseilles were polished
- 46: By ascending the Wolga a short distance
- 47: 53 Before the Genoese were expelled
- 48: Have lessened the consumption of some
- 49: Syria had long become a desert
- 50: The Brazils had been first discovered by the Portuguese
- 51: Had so enriched the small kingdom of Portugal
- 52: Except in the rivalship of other nations
- 53: The manufacturers became merchants
- 54: It had been reduced by the Turks
- 55: The Turkish nation is represented as greatly on the decline
- 56: Though Venice and Genoa were wealthy
- 57: As in the days of Tyre and Sidon
- 58: This alteration in the nature of wealth
- 59: A most ambitious and aggrandising power
- 60: As Poland was previously under foreign influence
- 61: Example of the manner of inspecting the chart
- 62: From which wealth and power arise
- 63: Whereas inaction and enjoyment are irreconcilable
- 64: Reconcile affluence with industry
- 65: Some of those have arrived at affluence
- 66: The difference between the general affluence of a nation
- 67: What arises by regular routine
- 68: Arising from the wealth itself
- 69: Owed its downfal sic to the same
- 70: 83 Had the nation been less wealthy or weaker
- 71: Is intrusted undergo no sort of examination
- 72: And that when they have undertaken it they do their duty
- 73: Governments and writers on education fall
- 74: Writers on political economy have
- 75: That cannot be gratified fairly
- 76: Began about the manner of levying a tax
- 77: None so rigorous where money is concerned
- 78: A man who is rigorously treated
- 79: Stamps were augmented and extended
- 80: He gets the tax reimbursed by the farmer
- 81: The consequences are very pernicious
- 82: Where taxation contributed most to the fall of a country
- 83: There are few such obstinate fools
- 84: From the markets in poorer countries
- 85: If it does not entirely do away all danger from encroachment
- 86: Impossible that the government and clergy can
- 87: Is more to be dreaded in limited monarchies
- 88: 98 The prerogative of the king to refuse his assent
- 89: As commercial wealth increases the evil augments
- 90: And encroachment on encroachment
- 91: Extravagance dissipates wealth
- 92: 104 the people became a degraded populace
- 93: The middle orders were discontented
- 94: In the times of the Plantagenets and Tudors
- 95: Where property is very unequally divided
- 96: Or under the controul of reason
- 97: And merchants to become mere lenders of money
- 98: When wealth has introduced luxury
- 99: For that also is thinly inhabited
- 100: And prevent depopulation being produced by that cause
- 101: In the application of sumptuary laws
- 102: That the parsimony of the Dutch is ridiculous
- 103: The country would be depopulated and ruined
- 104: 122 That is about the usual proportion
- 105: Or of obtaining exorbitant profit
- 106: That the price increases as the scarcity augments
- 107: It diminishes the consumption of vegetable food
- 108: Leaving one hundred and seventeen millions
- 109: 131 But the individual dealer
- 110: As general Affluence becomes greater
- 111: The rich shun the view of wretchedness
- 112: That is burthened with their misfortunes
- 113: Sometimes by theft and depredation
- 114: But this employs little more capital
- 115: And if he wished to sell he would get 2000 L
- 116: Arising from that depreciation of money
- 117: And to counteract those that are unfavourable
- 118: Perhaps this is an useless hyyothesis sic
- 119: Including the expense of levying 800
- 120: Overawed a great part of their enemies
- 121: Once immersed in sloth and luxury
- 122: Though exterior causes are out of their dominion
- 123: The Envy and Enmity of other Nations
- 124: After they had conquered Carthage
- 125: The poorer nation has the advantage in its gain
- 126: 149 If they have not that means
- 127: Dependant sic chiefly on industry
- 128: 152 and the ad 152 The expression
- 129: The exterior causes of decline
- 130: If an excess of revenue constitutes wealth
- 131: And regular resources imply revenue
- 132: Explanation of statistical chart
- 133: Here appears at page 192 the second chart
- 134: In such uncommon and unexampled circumstances as the present
- 135: 156 they are causes that augment rapidly
- 136: And much more likely to excite envy
- 137: 000 Increase remitted home since
- 138: 161 It is not like the Asiatic trade
- 139: And this occasioned a diminution of exports
- 140: The same effect with a stagnation of credit at home
- 141: Priority of invention is not then a permanent tenure
- 142: Even whilst augmenting in wealth
- 143: Total Balance Exports to India
- 144: And much as envy blinds them in cases of rivalship
- 145: End of page 209 those manufactures
- 146: The fine manufactures of India
- 147: 172 Where machines are very expensive
- 148: End of page 212 Here appears at page 212 the third chart
- 149: 173 173 The author published an Atlas
- 150: Which is equivalent to well educated
- 151: Are the middle rank of society
- 152: Smith says relative to apprenticeships
- 153: How is skill to be obtained but by an apprenticeship
- 154: An apprenticeship is a substitute for expectancies
- 155: The small proficiency made in the schools
- 156: They are taught to be difficult to please
- 157: And sacrifices very sic thing to that object
- 158: Under the care of a private tutor
- 159: For a second quality of woollen cloth
- 160: 187 Previous to the American war
- 161: Would diminish our burthens one fiftieth part
- 162: While the debt has been augmenting with great rapidity
- 163: Taxation increases the wealth of a nation
- 164: To pay heavy taxes in London
- 165: In maintaining unproductive and idle people
- 166: It will not have time to counteract the evil
- 167: This would immediately raise the funds
- 168: At a low rate of interest to reimburse the present creditors
- 169: In hopes of ruining our finances
- 170: And humane Mode of reducing them
- 171: Greater trains of menial attendants than in England
- 172: Or go wholesale to the workhouse
- 173: Improvidence ought as much as possible to be discouraged
- 174: Or nearly 198 The widows scheme
- 175: And paid their share to the expenses
- 176: In so wealthy a county sic as this
- 177: It has some peculiar to itself
- 178: Except the clergy in Roman Catholic countries
- 179: And lessen the energies of the nation
- 180: 202 Monmouth's and the two other rebellions
- 181: Whenever the Mahomedan faith has extended
- 182: 203 The reformation in religion
- 183: From experience and 204 In France
- 184: So that we may expect a durable
- 185: The being supplanted by poorer nations
- 186: For which they obtained patents
- 187: 209 In 1790 the French laid down the law of patents
- 188: That manufactures have flourished in this country
- 189: In order to counteract the effect of heat or cold
- 190: Arising from passions or propensities
- 191: It may very easily controul their action
- 192: 213 213 Besides the above truth
- 193: Those for 216 When corn was dear
- 194: That the envy and enmity excited
- 195: But they also had their hour of insolence
- 196: The English constitution has taken
- 197: The aggregate wealth of mankind is not increased
- 198: But that ought to be no cause of enmity or rivalship
- 199: If there is any occasion for rivalship
- 200: Consisting in internal industry
- 201: His conquests had no permanent consequences
- 202: Its interior situation and exterior
- 203: Smith's opinion about apprenticeships examined
- 204: Envy and enmity excited by its conquests in India
- 205: FLANDERS enriched by manufactures
- 206: Becoming unequal to the consumption
- 207: Total amount of rent in England
- 208: Manufacturers less splendid than merchants
- 209: Its accumulation and unequal division
- 210: WAR generally occasioned by envy or rivalship
