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[Illustration: Interior of a French Chateau Shewing Furniture of the Time. Period: Late XIV. or Early XV. Century.]
Illustrated History Of Furniture:
_From the Earliest to the Present Time._
by
Frederick Litchfield.
With numerous Illustrations
1893.
Preface.
In the following pages the Author has placed before the reader an account of the changes in the design of Decorative Furniture and Woodwork, from the earliest period of which we have any reliable or certain record until the present time.
A careful selection of illustrations has been made from examples of established authenticity, the majority of which are to be seen, either in the Museums to which reference is made, or by permission of the owners; and the representations of the different "interiors" will convey an idea of the character and disposition of the furniture of the periods to which they refer. These illustrations are arranged, so far as is possible, in chronological order, and the descriptions which accompany them are explanatory of the historical and social changes which have influenced the manners and customs, and directly or indirectly affected the Furniture of different nations. An endeavour is made to produce a "panorama" which may prove acceptable to many, who, without wishing to study the subject deeply, may desire to gain some information with reference to it generally, or with regard to some part of it, in which they may feel a particular interest.
It will be obvious that within the limits of a single volume of moderate dimensions it is impossible to give more than an outline sketch of many periods of design and taste which deserve far more consideration than is here bestowed upon them; the reader is, therefore, asked to accept the first chapter, which refers to "Ancient Furniture" and covers a period of several centuries, as introductory to that which follows, rather than as a serious attempt to examine the history of the furniture during that space of time. The fourth chapter, which deals with a period of some hundred and fifty years, from the time of King James the First until that of Chippendale and his contemporaries, and the last three chapters, are more fully descriptive than some others, partly because trustworthy information as to these times is more accessible, and partly because it is probable that English readers will feel greater interest in the furniture of which they are the subject. The French _meubles de luxe_, from the latter half of the seventeenth century until the Revolution, are also treated more fully than the furniture of other periods and countries, on account of the interest which has been manifested in this description of the cabinet maker's and metal mounter's work during the past ten or fifteen years. There is evidence of this appreciation in the enormous prices realised at notable auction sales, when such furniture has been offered for competition to wealthy connoisseurs.
In order to gain a more correct idea of the design of Furniture of different periods, it has been necessary to notice the alterations in architectural styles which influenced, and were accompanied by, corresponding changes in the fashion of interior woodwork. Such comments are made with some diffidence, as it is felt that this branch of the subject would have received more fitting treatment by an architect, who was also an antiquarian, than by an antiquarian with only a limited knowledge of architecture.
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: Illustrated History of Furniture by Litchfield
- 2: ASSYRIAN FURNITURE Nimrod's Palace Mr
- 3: THE RENAISSANCE IN FRANCE Francois I
- 4: Sheraton Introduction of Satinwood and Mahogany Gillows
- 5: Vignette of Gothic Oak Armoire
- 6: City Oak Sideboard Seats at Knole Arm Chair
- 7: Antwerp Pianoforte by Leistler
- 8: In the allusion to the grandeur of the palace of Ahashuerus
- 9: According to Sir Austin Layard
- 10: Illustration Assyrian Chair from Khorsabad
- 11: From a Wall Painting at Thebes
- 12: This is the famous chest of Cypselus of Corinth
- 13: Each insula consisted of several sets of apartments
- 14: Has managed to secure a specimen of thyine
- 15: Illustration The Roman Triclinium
- 16: And that of Maximian in the Cathedral at Ravenna
- 17: Part of the furniture of the house of the Senator Pudens
- 18: And though we have no authentic specimen
- 19: Illustration A Carved Norwegian Doorway
- 20: Which Cedric piqued himself upon maintaining
- 21: Other woodcuts represent Anglo Saxon bedsteads
- 22: Bedsteads were carved and draped with rich hangings
- 23: ' Illustration Coronation Chair
- 24: Illustration Standing Table at Penshurst
- 25: Illustration Portrait of Christine de Pisan
- 26: Which represents a state banquet
- 27: This transition from Mediaeval and Gothic
- 28: After the Renaissance had set in
- 29: Kinsman and friend of Raffaele
- 30: Illustration Reproduction of Decoration By Raffaelle
- 31: In the South Kensington Museum
- 32: Illustration A Sixteenth Century Coffre Fort
- 33: From Photos of the originals in the South Kensington Museum
- 34: Illustration Carved Oak Panel
- 35: Williamson's Mobilier National
- 36: Somewhat later than the Bruges carving
- 37: This marqueterie became florid
- 38: And the choir of the Cathedral of Toledo
- 39: Besides the Spanish chesnut noyer
- 40: The best time of the Renaissance
- 41: The Great Hall in Hampton Court Palace
- 42: And was part of the contents of Hever Castle
- 43: Sixe quysshens of Turkye xij s
- 44: And it is still in the possession of the Meyrick family
- 45: Period English Renaissance About 1550 75
- 46: Illustration Dining Hall in the Charterhouse
- 47: Illustration Three Carved Oak Panels
- 48: Further mention should be made of Penshurst Place
- 49: Furniture at Knole Eagle House
- 50: There is a note in his own copy of Palladio
- 51: Which date is carved in two of the spandrils
- 52: Is really more Elizabethan in design
- 53: It seems from the Knole furniture
- 54: There is another Jacobean house of considerable interest
- 55: The width of these earlier tables had been about 30 inches
- 56: Illustration Scrowled Chair in Carved Oak
- 57: The house bore Cromwell's name and the date 1630
- 58: Part of Indo Portuguese suite at Penshurst Place
- 59: And contain woodwork of particular note
- 60: The broken swan necked pediment
- 61: Chair upholstered in Spitalfields silk
- 62: Where he was christened Grinling
- 63: From two other suites at Knole
- 64: These useful articles of furniture
- 65: And even upholstered furniture
- 66: When the moveables are of wood
- 67: Or sometimes with ivory faces and limbs
- 68: Another lacquer has a black ground
- 69: The beautiful lacquer work of Japan
- 70: Existed in India during the period of the Mogul Empire
- 71: While the door frames are of teak
- 72: The copy in shishem wood of a carved window at Amritzar
- 73: In the South Kensington Museum
- 74: Saracenic Woodwork From Cairo and Damascus
- 75: In the South Kensington Museum
- 76: And afterwards the Petit Trianon
- 77: To which bold scrolls in ormolu formed fitting frames
- 78: The armoire in the Jones Collection
- 79: But also to that of Boule work and marqueterie
- 80: In the Louis Quatorze cabinets the decorative effect
- 81: Marqueterie became more fanciful
- 82: He commenced work some years later than Caffieri
- 83: A very clever ebeniste of the present day in Paris
- 84: The legs of tables are generally fluted
- 85: Illustration Marqueterie Cabinet
- 86: And in Gouthiere he was most fortunate
- 87: Covered with Beauvais tapestry
- 88: With Sevres Plaques and Ormolu Mountings
- 89: And subsequently Portland Place
- 90: Made several plaques of his beautiful Jasper ware
- 91: The first of these and the best known was Thomas Chippendale
- 92: One can recognise the broken scrolls and curved lines
- 93: Illustration PARLOUR CHAIRS BY CHIPPENDALE
- 94: Which deserve to be remembered equally with Chippendale
- 95: Hepplewhite forms a connecting link between the two
- 96: Was an apprentice to Richard Gillow
- 97: But subsequently became prevalent in inlaid woodwork
- 98: Sometimes translated Sideboard
- 99: Together with the old mahogany or marqueterie tea caddy
- 100: And a Bookcase With Secretaire
- 101: Illustration Cabinet in Mahogany with Bronze Gilt Mountings
- 102: The rich colour of the mahogany
- 103: So this alteration was adopted by Sheraton
- 104: Of these the best known was Thomas Seddon
- 105: Shewing the Inlay of Brass referred to
- 106: Very similar bookcases are in the London Mansion House
- 107: Following the Gothic character of the building
- 108: Beautifully inlaid with flowers
- 109: An exhibition of old furniture
- 110: Designed and carved in Turkey boxwood
- 111: In other countries the rococo taste had also taken hold
- 112: Ahead of his fellow craftsmen in Europe
- 113: Illustration Chimneypiece and Bookcase
- 114: Entitled The Art Journal Illustrated Catalogue
- 115: Mellier having been in his employ
- 116: Some mention has already been made of Zwiener
- 117: And the marquetry thus prepared
- 118: Perhaps it is allowable to add here that marquetry
- 119: This so called AEstheticism was the vogue
- 120: Writers on Art and manufactures
- 121: Illustration The Ellesmere Cabinet
- 122: From a Photo by Bedford Lemere Co
- 123: The manufacture of ornamental oak furniture
- 124: Michael Anglo Saxon Furniture Arabesque Ornament
- 125: Discarded Byzantine styleCaffieri
- 126: Contemporary of Chippendale Medicis Family
- 127: Derivation of South Kensington
- 128: Civil service supply association
- 129: Illustrated History of Furniture by Litchfield
- 130: Nottingham mechanics' institution
- 131: SCIENCE AND ART DEPARTMENT of South Kensington
- 132: Royal School of Art Needlework
- 133: Are famous examples of early intarsia
