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[Illustration: COUNT CZERNIN]
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IN THE WORLD WAR
BY COUNT OTTOKAR CZERNIN
_WITH FOUR PLATES_
CASSELL AND COMPANY, LTD London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne
Copyright in Great Britain.
PREFACE
It is impossible in a small volume to write the history of the World War in even a partially exhaustive manner. Nor is that the object of this book.
Rather than to deal with generalities, its purpose is to describe separate events of which I had intimate knowledge, and individuals with whom I came into close contact and could, therefore, observe closely; in fact, to furnish a series of snapshots of the great drama.
By this means the following pages may possibly present a conception of the war as a whole, which may, nevertheless, differ in many respects from the hitherto recorded, and possibly faulty, history of the war.
Everyone regards people and events from his own point of view; it is inevitable. In my book, I speak of men with whom I was in close touch; of others who crossed my path without leaving any personal impression on me; and finally, of men with whom I was often in grave dispute. I endeavour to judge of them all in objective fashion, but I have to describe people and things as I saw them. Wherever the description appears to be at fault, the reason will not be due to a prematurely formed opinion, but rather, probably, to a prevailing lack of the capacity for judging.
Not everything could be revealed. Much was not explained, although it could have been. Too short a period still separates us from those events to justify the lifting of the veil from all that happened.
But what remains unspoken can in no way change the whole picture, which I describe exactly as imprinted on my mind.
OTTOKAR CZERNIN.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
1. INTRODUCTORY REFLECTIONS 1
2. KONOPISCHT 34
3. WILLIAM II 52
4. ROUMANIA 77
5. THE U-BOAT WARFARE 114
6. ATTEMPTS AT PEACE 134
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: Im Weltkriege. English
- 2: These fears led to the encircling policy of Edward VII
- 3: She was less able to remain neutral than Roumania
- 4: Blacker and blacker grew the clouds
- 5: And the Peace of Bucharest in 1913
- 6: Tschirsky spoke in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- 7: I had Herr von Tschirsky specially in my mind
- 8: So long as King Carol was alive
- 9: The Tschirsky group dreaded such an insipid solution
- 10: And confined her ultimatum to the Belgian question
- 11: Nor yet the ruthless U boat warfare
- 12: They maintain that Germany let loose the war
- 13: As did all the peace proposals to the Entente
- 14: And instead of fighting the Entente
- 15: Certainly the Czechs were decidedly against Germany
- 16: Count Andrassy came from Hungary
- 17: Stephen Tisza ruled with practically unlimited powers
- 18: Tisza was entirely in the right
- 19: Can this same Social Democracy
- 20: Sounded the death knell of the Monarchy
- 21: FOOTNOTES 1 Supposed to be the Counts Berchtold
- 22: According to Franz Ferdinand's account
- 23: The Archduke was often with him
- 24: Karl of Schwarzenberg was the most sincere
- 25: Franz Ferdinand was on very bad terms with Aehrenthal
- 26: Which the Archduke could not understand
- 27: Another praiseworthy feature in the Archduke was that
- 28: Let him go to the Herrenhaus that he may learn a little more
- 29: Illustration THE ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND Photo Pietzner
- 30: His political ideal was Lueger
- 31: Monarchical England is just as free as Republican America
- 32: The Emperor William is an example of this
- 33: I readily believe that the Emperor William
- 34: With regard to the Emperor Charles
- 35: But von Seidler returned in triumph
- 36: The Archduke would have to submit
- 37: When the nephew was already Emperor
- 38: Whatever the Emperor said or did
- 39: According to all the records the Emperor William I
- 40: And says A telegram sent by William II
- 41: In order to spare the Emperor and themselves
- 42: And everyone in Europe experienced such fluctuations
- 43: The daily artillery duel began on our return drive
- 44: It is not only Alsace Lorraine
- 45: The head of the former party was the Archduke Franz
- 46: And always afterwards Roumania
- 47: That shortly after my taking up office in Roumania
- 48: Taking Carp and Majorescu as models
- 49: The Roumanian peasant is a busy
- 50: Roumanians had a great respect for Germany's military power
- 51: Sassonoff answered in the affirmative
- 52: Catarau was heard of later at Cairo
- 53: Queen Elizabeth was well aware of all
- 54: In politics her one thought besides King Carol was Albania
- 55: Even from 1914 16 Roumania was never really neutral
- 56: Bratianu reproached me later for what I had done
- 57: I drove from Bucharest to Sinaia
- 58: She did not perhaps agree with Bratianu in all his tactics
- 59: I find the following noted in my diary Bucharest
- 60: Bucharest is certainly a fortress
- 61: Vous la ferez cette connaissance
- 62: But that alone would not have satisfied Roumania
- 63: Here Tisza was again himself when
- 64: Had Count Tarnowski been in Paris
- 65: And diplomats must have the entree to such circles
- 66: Though chiefly concerning Roumania and the Balkan questions
- 67: Bethmann was an absolutely dependable
- 68: In accordance with the telegram mentioned
- 69: In conformity with the instructions received
- 70: And if the unrestricted U boat warfare once were started
- 71: Holtzendorff expounded his reasons
- 72: Agricultural and financial sense
- 73: If the Mediterranean remained exempt
- 74: I remember once how Ludendorff
- 75: 2 Count Tarnowski must protest to Mr
- 76: Therefore the answer to the American aide memoire
- 77: Of the dealings of our enemies
- 78: Received the following answer from Tisza DEAR FRIEND
- 79: Tisza possessed a most extraordinary capacity for work
- 80: Tisza was fully in accordance therewith
- 81: Although I had many disputes with Tisza
- 82: I offer these views for your consideration
- 83: In friendly tone that the Monarchy did not aim at conquests
- 84: I never received any answer to this second telegram
- 85: More optimistically than is justified
- 86: In the presence of the Emperor Charles and Bethmann
- 87: But should serious disturbances occur
- 88: Germany places great hopes on the U boat warfare
- 89: Another winter campaign would be impossible
- 90: The same applies to Austria Hungary
- 91: After three months of the U boat warfare
- 92: Economic and social exigencies
- 93: Neither Austria Hungary nor Turkey could do more
- 94: When Bethmann had gone and Michaelis had been appointed
- 95: Would be a great tactical error
- 96: According to the Kreuznach debate of May 1
- 97: And I forget how many milliards in war indemnity
- 98: We felt as safe about Radoslawoff as about Talaat Pasha
- 99: The peace resolution passed in the Reichstag proved nothing
- 100: Fear and anxiety as to Germany's plans practically reigned
- 101: But that has no connection with Stockholm
- 102: The cession of Trieste and the Trentino
- 103: I mentioned my fears that the Entente rulers in this
- 104: Transylvania and the Bukovina to Roumania
- 105: And especially Austria Hungary
- 106: The expense incurred would be futile
- 107: And they are all based on general disarmament
- 108: Wretched land called German Austria
- 109: There would have been that of Alsace Lorraine
- 110: Before we came to a deadlock in the negotiations
- 111: Owing to the extreme distrust that Clemenceau
- 112: Neither the Entente nor the ruling
- 113: Bound by their promises to their Allies
- 114: Nations were still sleeping the Czechs
- 115: When Wilson came forward with his Fourteen Points
- 116: Meanwhile the Brest negotiations were proceeding
- 117: And the invincible Germany was defeated
- 118: And yet Berlin and Innsbruck were just as hungry as Vienna
- 119: Count Hertling and I were on very good terms
- 120: Wished to remain under the sceptre of the Habsburgs
- 121: Tisza wanted it to be a province
- 122: Even though united with Galicia
- 123: The union of Roumania with Transylvania
- 124: Roumania ought naturally to be annexed to Hungary
- 125: Approach the Central European question closer
- 126: Delo Naroda and Zemlja i Wolja
- 127: Every Cossack owns forty deshatin
- 128: On account of the formation of an Ukrainian army
- 129: After losing Paris and Calais
- 130: Regarding him as an ephemeral personage
- 131: Found the party already assembled there Gratz and Wiesner
- 132: Merey takes a not unfavourable view of the situation
- 133: Kuehlmann and I prepared our answer early
- 134: The programme drawn up by Kuehlmann
- 135: And thanking me in his German Russian gibberish
- 136: Joffe told me about the Tsar and his family
- 137: Kuehlmann understands my position
- 138: On this point Kuehlmann and I were entirely agreed
- 139: And Talaat was made Minister of the Interior
- 140: Trotski is undoubtedly an interesting
- 141: Our side is represented by Kuehlmann
- 142: Radek has had a scene with the German chauffeur
- 143: Kuehlmann is telegraphing to Berlin
- 144: And with the areas of East Galicia occupied by Ukrainians
- 145: Wekerle also laid stress on the danger
- 146: Gratz then took up this question
- 147: The two brothers Richthofen were here a little while ago
- 148: When Hertling nudged me and whispered 'Leave him alone
- 149: After conclusion of peace with Ukraine
- 150: 000 wagon loads were received from the Ukraine
- 151: And the Ukrainian Government agreed
- 152: And in June and July the Ukraine was still further engaged
- 153: However great the lack of supplies in Ukraine itself
- 154: The waves of war have passed over the Peace of Brest Litovsk
- 155: Under the name of strategical frontier rectifications
- 156: Like the Peace of Brest Litovsk
- 157: Roumania was not only perfectly independent
- 158: In Roumania the Avarescu Ministry was in power
- 159: And the Dobrudsha could not be given up
- 160: Marghiloman said he accepted the compromise
- 161: And the Dobrudsha was assigned to the Bulgarians
- 162: The Roumanians lost the Dobrudsha
- 163: At Versailles they were the slaves of their promises
- 164: Has made Bolshevism a danger to the world
- 165: Matuglie and Volosca in the Italian possessions
- 166: Dulcigno and San Giovanni di Medua
- 167: Then the entire area contiguous to Italy
- 168: Dated February 18 of this year
- 169: Thus ensuring their safe existence
- 170: The Austrian Government believes
- 171: To grasp at the arm of a belligerent Power
- 172: Les navires de commerce n'ont pas de canons a bord
- 173: The Austro Hungarian warships are instructed
- 174: They dare not make public the amount of tonnage sunk
- 175: Counting tonnage sunk and tonnage frightened off
- 176: Copper and copper ore 49 per cent
- 177: In 1916 only about 42 million tons were exported
- 178: The same applies to stocks of maize
- 179: The import of meat in February
- 180: The compulsory system promises no success
- 181: Have peace negotiations been conducted with open windows
- 182: Soldiers' and peasants' councils of Pan Ukraine
- 183: And People's Secretary Satonski and Commissary Schachrai
- 184: Wasili Matwjejewitch Schachrai
- 185: To be later tested by plebiscite on a broader foundation
- 186: So also with political negotiations
- 187: Wilson states this frankly and openly
- 188: Petersburg and the Ukraine And now
- 189: We shall gain no economic advantage at all
- 190: Dealing with the evacuation of the occupied areas
- 191: In these circumstances the negotiations
- 192: Owing to the situation at home
- 193: As to the demand for the Cholm territory
- 194: Owing to the fact that Trotski
- 195: Amicable relations with Roumania
- 196: Marghiloman declared himself satisfied with this compromise
- 197: After the retirement of Averescu
- 198: In case of cession of the Dobrudsha
- 199: And Montenegro should be evacuated
- 200: We were forced to defend Germany
- 201: It was procuring oil and grain from the Balkans
- 202: Against the opposition of the Germans and Hungarians
- 203: This also applies to Bethmann and Kuehlmann
- 204: Ludendorff was a great patriot
- 205: The whole of Galicia was here involved
- 206: And the northern U boat campaign would have been paralysed
- 207: 15 Emperor Charles's offer to Germany
- 208: Austrian Government and the Ukrainian question
- 209: 208 further Ukrainian representation at
- 210: 90 visited by Franz Ferdinand
- 211: 333 journeys to Brest Litovsk
- 212: 155 note Espionage in Roumania
- 213: 34 pro Roumanian proclivities of
- 214: 216 oppose peace negotiations with Roumania
- 215: At author's appointment to Bucharest
- 216: 40Karolyi and Roumanian peace negotiations
- 217: 261 headquarters at Bucharest
- 218: And Brest Litovsk negotiations
- 219: 86 and the Peace of Bucharest
- 220: 209 and the Ukrainian question
- 221: 10Tseretelli and the Menshevik party
- 222: 271 on the freedom of the seas
