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[Illustration: LITIGANTS BEFORE A JUDGE
From an Arabic manuscript in the British Museum (Or. 1200; No. 1007 in Rieu's _Arabic Supplement_), dated A.H. 654 = A.D. 1256, which contains the _MaqAimESec.t_ of a??arA?rA? illustrated by 81 miniatures in colours. This one represents a scene in the 8th MaqAima: AbA? Zayd and his son appearing before the Cadi of MaaEuro~arratu aEuro(TM)l-NuaEuro(TM)mAin. The figure on the left is a??Airith b. HammAim, whom a??arA?rA? puts forward as the relater of AbA? Zayd's adventures.]
A LITERARY HISTORY OF THE ARABS
BY
REYNOLD A. NICHOLSON
CAMBRIDGE
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1966
PUBLISHED BY
THE SYNDICS OF THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Bentley House, 200 Euston Road, London, N.W. 1 American Branch: 32 East 57th Street, New York N.Y. 10022, West African Office: P.O. Box 33, Ibadan, Nigeria
First edition (T. Fisher Unwin) 1907, reprinted 1914, 1923 Reprinted (Cambridge University Press) 1930, 1941, 1953, 1962, 1966
_First printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge Reprinted by offset-litho by Latimer Trend & Co. Ltd, Whitstable_
To
PROFESSOR A. A. BEVAN
In grateful recollection of many kindnesses
PREFACE
_A Literary History of the Arabs_, published by T. Fisher Unwin in 1907 and twice re-issued without alteration, now appears under new auspices, and I wish to thank the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press for the opportunity they have given me of making it in some respects more accurate and useful than it has hitherto been. Since the present edition is printed from the
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A Literary History of the Arabs by Nicholson
- 2: For Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
- 3: The Semites crossed into Asia from Africa
- 4: The youngest of the Semitic languages
- 5: Their derivation from aEuro AdnAin
- 6: With the kindred dialects of Mahra and Shia?Yr
- 7: Sidenote The Pre islamic poems
- 8: We must not forget that the Koran
- 9: By the Moslem Ibnu aEuro TM l Waa?Yshiyya
- 10: AEuro AlA fell by an assassin's dagger
- 11: The wonderful aEuro AbbAisid capital
- 12: In the balmy days of the aEuro AbbAisid Empire
- 13: Who are called 'the second aEuro A?d
- 14: The SabA ans and the a??imyarites
- 15: And all the different peoples of Yemen
- 16: KaribaaEuro TM A l WatAir YuhanaEuro im Great
- 17: Sidenote HamdAinA aEuro 945 A
- 18: The extant poetry of aEuro Alqama
- 19: AEuro A?mir MAiaEuro TM al SamAi
- 20: Sidenote Dhu aEuro TM l Qarnayn
- 21: The ballad of the three witches
- 22: Whom he left behind in MedA na
- 23: 67 Sidenote The castles of Yemen
- 24: Sidenote ZarqAiaEuro TM u aEuro TM l YamAima
- 25: Sidenote Abraha viceroy of Yemen
- 26: By which Abraha was afterwards known
- 27: ' and that its true antithesis is not aEuro ilm knowledge
- 28: Sidenote Odenathus and Zenobia
- 29: One day the youthful aEuro Amr suddenly disappeared
- 30: And there was aEuro Amr facing her
- 31: Like NAibigha and aEuro AbA d b
- 32: The first Lakhmite ruler was aEuro Amr b
- 33: Sidenote Death of Mundhir III
- 34: Mundhir marvelled at their loyalty
- 35: Father of the poet aEuro AdA b
- 36: ' aEuro AdA was cast into prison
- 37: AEuro AdA left a son named Zayd
- 38: A??Airith called AbA? Shamir the Younger
- 39: Jabala a1 4%I?a1 2 cubedI?I I
- 40: 115 Sidenote Character of Bedouin history
- 41: Was chieftain of the BanA? Taghlib
- 42: 121 Sidenote Outbreak of war between Taghlib and Bakr
- 43: And broke the power of Taghlib
- 44: The combatants were the tribes of aEuro Abs and DhubyAin
- 45: Sidenote Idolatry introduced at Mecca
- 46: Zayd grew up far from his native land
- 47: AEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Mua? a? alib replied
- 48: Others more reasonably ascribe them to his son Umayya
- 49: Who was cruelly executed by Khusraw ParwA C z 602 or 607 A
- 50: The powers of the shAiaEuro ir
- 51: And it is a peculiarity of Rajaz
- 52: The rhymes are usually feminine
- 53: Hundreds of Odes answer exactly to this description
- 54: 157 Sidenote TaaEuro TM abbaa? a Sharran
- 55: In the MuaEuro allaqa of aEuro Amr b
- 56: A?'Ailim against SamawaEuro TM al
- 57: These riders were aEuro AbA d b
- 58: RabA aEuro and aEuro UmAira and Anas
- 59: I have illustrated their keen sense of honour and loyalty
- 60: With kin unkind enforced to dwell
- 61: Vengeance was taken upon the murderer
- 62: Sidenote The story of the vengeance of Qays b
- 63: When Qays had finished with him
- 64: Sidenote Song of Vengeance by TaaEuro TM abbaa? a Sharran
- 65: Sidenote Honour conferred by noble ancestry
- 66: In the reign of the aEuro AbbAisid Caliph MahdA
- 67: Sidenote ImruaEuro TM u aEuro TM l Qays
- 68: Al aEuro Abd was a member of the great tribe of Bakr
- 69: Bolder in onset than aEuro Amr b
- 70: Then the king sent to aEuro Amr b
- 71: Such grief no mother camel feels
- 72: AEuro Antara loved his cousin aEuro Abla
- 73: She cries Ravenously for blood and crushes
- 74: On accepting Islam he abjured poetry
- 75: As the panegyrist of King aEuro Amr b
- 76: The author of the KitAibu aEuro TM l AghAinA
- 77: Very little is known of the life of aEuro Alqama b
- 78: And ImruaEuro TM u aEuro TM l Qays
- 79: That of AnbAirA aEuro 916 A
- 80: The Jamharatu AshaEuro Airi aEuro TM l aEuro Arab
- 81: That a??ammAid once said to the Caliph WalA d b
- 82: Sidenote The Fair of aEuro UkAia?
- 83: Sidenote The aEuro IbAid of a??A ra
- 84: The poet al aEuro AjjAij aEuro about 709 A
- 85: In the Caliphate of aEuro UthmAin
- 86: That of ZamakhsharA aEuro 1143 A
- 87: AEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Mua? a? alib
- 88: The aged aEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Mua? a? alib
- 89: Abi aEuro TM l a?calt of ThaqA f
- 90: But KhadA ja comforted and reassured him
- 91: There were his cousin aEuro AlA
- 92: The conversion of aEuro Umar b
- 93: AEuro Abdu aEuro TM l aEuro UzzAi
- 94: 1 Perish the hands of AbA? Lahab and perish he
- 95: 320 THE SAsRA OF THE SMITING CI
- 96: The Meccans acknowledged the supreme position of Allah
- 97: Sidenote Resurrection and Retribution
- 98: Sidenote Mua?Yammad at MedA na
- 99: 333 Sidenote Parties in MedA na
- 100: Sidenote Beginnings of the Moslem State
- 101: The victory of Badr turned all eyes upon Mua?Yammad
- 102: The MedA na SA?ras do not attract the literary reader
- 103: Sidenote Antagonism of Islamic and Arabian ideals
- 104: Was defeated by the aEuro AbbAisids
- 105: He was supported by aEuro Umar
- 106: 347 Sidenote The Caliph aEuro Umar 634 644 A
- 107: Said aEuro Umar to aEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Raa?YmAin
- 108: Sidenote The Register of aEuro Umar
- 109: Sidenote Character of aEuro AlA
- 110: Sidenote aEuro AlA against MuaEuro Aiwiya
- 111: The Umayyads pass for bloodthirsty tyrants
- 112: Which was almost entirely ShA aEuro ite
- 113: Having expelled its Umayyad governor
- 114: AEuro Abdu aEuro TM l aEuro AzA z
- 115: AEuro AbduaEuro TM l Malik's viceroy in aEuro IrAiq
- 116: AEuro Umar satisfied these aspirations
- 117: Abu aEuro TM l aEuro AlAi al MaaEuro arrA
- 118: Overran aEuro IrAiq and Southern Persia
- 119: Thus the IbAia??ites followers of aEuro AbdullAih b
- 120: ' Sidenote The ShA aEuro ites
- 121: Thus the poet Kuthayyir aEuro 723 A
- 122: Sidenote ShA aEuro ite gatherings at KarbalAi
- 123: But the Moses of the ShA aEuro a
- 124: Sidenote The MuaEuro tazilites
- 125: AEuro Aa? Ai according to another tradition
- 126: Repeating a single verse of the Koran xlv
- 127: RAibiaEuro a al aEuro Adawiyya
- 128: Though he may be an ascetic zAihid or a fakA r faqA r
- 129: Requiring utter submission to His arbitrary will
- 130: Sidenote RAibiaEuro a al aEuro Adawiyya
- 131: At any rate with the greatest Umayyad poets
- 132: AbA RabA aEuro a aEuro 719 A
- 133: Sidenote The NaqAiaEuro TM ia?? of JarA r and Farazdaq
- 134: On hearing Akha? al's ode in praise of the Umayyad dynasty
- 135: Zaynu aEuro TM l aEuro A?bidA n
- 136: AEuro Atiyya belonged to Kulayb
- 137: Sidenote Dhu aEuro TM l Rumma
- 138: Sidenote aEuro AbbAisid propaganda in KhurAisAin
- 139: AEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Mua? a? alib
- 140: Meanwhile Abu aEuro TM l aEuro AbbAis
- 141: Sidenote Despotic character of aEuro AbbAisid rule
- 142: Thereupon the postmaster of Rayy informed Mana?LA?r
- 143: Notwithstanding irreconcilable parties aEuro Alids
- 144: The philologists AbA? aEuro Ubayda
- 145: Where aEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Raa?YmAin
- 146: 498 To begin with Persia in KhurAisAin
- 147: The most eminent was aEuro Aa??udu aEuro TM l Dawla
- 148: The Islam of AbA? Bakr and aEuro Umar
- 149: Abu aEuro TM l aEuro AbbAis al NAimA
- 150: Primarily a religious enthusiast
- 151: The grandson of aEuro AbdullAih b
- 152: ShihAibu aEuro TM l DA n Yaa?YyAi al SuhrawardA
- 153: 508 Even in the Umayyad period
- 154: On the ShuaEuro A?bite side AbA? aEuro Ubayda
- 155: Sidenote Development of the Moslem sciences
- 156: Astronomy aEuro Ilmu aEuro TM l NujA?m
- 157: AbA? NuwAis aEuro circa 810 A
- 158: ThaaEuro AilibA aEuro 1038 A
- 159: Sidenote Characteristics of the new poetry
- 160: And Abu aEuro TM l aEuro AlAi al MaaEuro arrA
- 161: And religious poems zuhdiyyAit
- 162: Sidenote Abu aEuro TM l aEuro AtAihiya 748 828 A
- 163: In which Goldziher finds an allusion to Buddha
- 164: What ails me that no glad result it brings Whene'er
- 165: In the Caliphate of MaaEuro TM mA?n
- 166: Sayfu aEuro TM l Dawla laughed
- 167: To Sayfu aEuro TM l Dawla all the world avows the same
- 168: Abu aEuro TM l aEuro AlAi al MaaEuro arrA
- 169: And a striking use of rhetorical figures
- 170: Abu aEuro TM l aEuro AlAi al MaaEuro arrA
- 171: BahAiaEuro TM u aEuro TM l Dawla
- 172: 587 discovered in Abu aEuro TM l aEuro AlAi
- 173: He would have declared himself a Magian
- 174: The clerical and legal representatives of Islam
- 175: Abu aEuro TM l aEuro AlAi denies more than he affirms
- 176: Abu aEuro TM l aEuro AbbAis aEuro AbdullAih
- 177: AEuro Umar Ibnu aEuro TM l FAiria??
- 178: Less original than BadA aEuro u aEuro TM l ZamAin
- 179: 622 Sidenote The character of AbA? Zayd
- 180: Death's call dost thou not hear
- 181: Blood shall thine eyes pour at the great Assize
- 182: Sidenote MAiwardA aEuro 1058 A
- 183: The a??abaqAitu aEuro TM l a?cA?fiyya
- 184: The Vizier Fakhru aEuro TM l Mulk
- 185: And Abu aEuro TM l Fata?Y al ShahrastAinA aEuro 1153 A
- 186: Its most prominent representatives were AbA? aEuro Amr b
- 187: Under the first aEuro AbbAisids
- 188: Though Abu aEuro TM l Faraj aEuro AlA
- 189: In the Dumyatu aEuro TM l Qaa?Lr
- 190: One who displays the brilliant culture of aEuro IrAiq
- 191: 666 Sidenote The MurA?ju aEuro TM l Dhahab
- 192: The aEuro UyA?nu aEuro TM l AnbAi
- 193: The MarAia?Lidu aEuro TM l Ia? a? ilAiaEuro
- 194: 678 MaaEuro TM mA?n installed them
- 195: AbA? aEuro AbdallAih al KhwAirizmA
- 196: Ibnu aEuro TM l NadA m discusses
- 197: Anas was summoned by the Caliph HAirA?n al RashA d
- 198: Sidenote The MuaEuro tazilites and their opponents
- 199: Sidenote The end of the MuaEuro tazilites
- 200: Sidenote Persecution of ZindA qs
- 201: Abu aEuro TM l aEuro AlAi al MaaEuro arrA
- 202: The head of the MuaEuro tazilite party at that time
- 203: JubbAiaEuro TM A had not a word to offer in reply
- 204: AEuro AmA du aEuro TM l Mulk al KundurA
- 205: Naturalists a??abA aEuro iyyA?n
- 206: Sidenote a?cA?fiism in the aEuro AbbAisid period
- 207: AEuro IyAia?? and ShaqA q of Balkh
- 208: To return to Dhu aEuro TM l NA?n
- 209: Abi aEuro TM l Khayr aEuro 1049 A
- 210: AEuro AbdullAih al TustarA aEuro 896 A
- 211: Sidenote aEuro Umar Ibnu aEuro TM l FAiria??
- 212: Here is Mecca in front of thee
- 213: AEuro Umar Ibnu aEuro TM l FAiria?? returned to Cairo
- 214: 746 Sidenote Ibnu aEuro TM l aEuro ArabA
- 215: Ibnu aEuro TM l aEuro ArabA immediately fell into a swoon
- 216: JalAilu aEuro TM l DA n al SuyA?a? A aEuro 1445 A
- 217: Sidenote aEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Raa?YmAin
- 218: Or aEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Malik
- 219: The successor of aEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Raa?YmAin
- 220: AEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Raa?YmAin III
- 221: Is a modern king rather than a mediA val Caliph
- 222: Of these Party Kings MulA?ku aEuro TM l a??awAiaEuro TM if
- 223: AEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Raa?YmAin I
- 224: AEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Raa?YmAin received him with open arms
- 225: The family of the aEuro AbbAidids
- 226: 775 MuaEuro tamid himself was a poet of rare distinction
- 227: The Cadi then waited on MuaEuro tamid
- 228: Sidenote Ibn a??azm 994 1064 A
- 229: A brother of the first Umayyad Caliph
- 230: Jawhar was much pleased with what he saw of their piety
- 231: AEuro Abdu aEuro TM l MuaEuro TM min
- 232: The son of aEuro Abdu aEuro TM l MuaEuro TM min
- 233: AEuro Abdu aEuro TM l aEuro AzA z
- 234: AbA? aEuro AbdallAih Ibnu aEuro TM l Aa?Ymar
- 235: The primitive and cardinal force he calls aEuro aa?Labiyya
- 236: Where the SharA fs descendants of aEuro AlA b
- 237: Sidenote ChingA z Khan and HA?lAigA?
- 238: Malik a?cAilia?Y Najmu aEuro TM l DA n
- 239: Or Ibnu aEuro TM l FAiria??'s enthusiasm
- 240: ' by Shamsu aEuro TM l DA n Ibn KhallikAin
- 241: ' by Ibn aEuro ArabshAih aEuro 1450
- 242: And Ibnu aEuro TM l WardA aEuro 1349
- 243: And the Arabs translated them into the Arabic tongue
- 244: Abu aEuro AbdallAih Mua?Yammad b
- 245: And they accused Shaykh aEuro Izzu aEuro TM l DA n b
- 246: Sidenote ShaaEuro rAinA aEuro 1565 A
- 247: AEuro Abdu aEuro TM l WahhAib al ShaaEuro rAinA
- 248: Under aEuro Abdu aEuro TM l aEuro AzA z
- 249: 865 The above mentioned Mua?Yammad aEuro AlA
- 250: Die Semitischen Sprachen Leipzig
- 251: Die Burgen und SchlA?sser SA1 4darabiens in S
- 252: MurA?ju aEuro TM l Dhahab ed
- 253: JazA ratu aEuro TM l aEuro Arab
- 254: MurA?ju aEuro TM l Dhahab ed
- 255: And paved the way for Mundhir IV
- 256: The particular reference to Jabala b
- 257: Additamenta ad Historiam Arabum ante Islamismum
- 258: Rajaz is the sole exception to this rule
- 259: Thereupon aEuro A?mir stood forth
- 260: 299 and Sir Charles Lyall Ancient Arabian Poetry
- 261: Al ShiaEuro r wa aEuro TM l ShuaEuro arAi
- 262: Al ShiaEuro r wa aEuro TM l ShuaEuro arAi
- 263: Wadd was a god worshipped by the pagan Arabs
- 264: Ueber das Traditionswesen bei den Arabern
- 265: Whom he married after the death of KhadA ja
- 266: A Meccan poet exclaims Ibn HishAim
- 267: Abu aEuro TM l aEuro AlAi al MaaEuro arrA
- 268: MurA?ju aEuro TM l Dhahab ed
- 269: Was a granddaughter of aEuro Umar I
- 270: Die religiA?s politischen Oppositionsparteien
- 271: KitAibu aEuro TM l MaaEuro Airif
- 272: 442 Said by Junayd of BaghdAid aEuro 909 910 A
- 273: According to Professor De Goeje
- 274: A??abaqAitu aEuro TM l AtibbAi
- 275: The remark made by AbA? aEuro Amr b
- 276: And reckon the father of a??asan after aEuro UthmAin
- 277: Yatimatu aEuro TM l Dahr Damascus
- 278: 576 The author of these lines
- 279: When that poet recited his famous ode
- 280: A famous theologian of NaysAibA?r aEuro 1085 A
- 281: 664 MurA?ju aEuro TM l Dhahab
- 282: 687 Fragmenta Historicorum Arabicorum
- 283: TaaEuro TM rA khu aEuro TM l a??ukamAi ed
- 284: 730 MurA?ju aEuro TM l Dhahab
- 285: The ShadharAitu aEuro TM l Dhahab
- 286: Entitled TarjumAinu aEuro TM l AshwAiq
- 287: 780 Ibnu aEuro TM l AbbAir Dozy
- 288: Of Ibnu aEuro TM l aEuro IdhAirA
- 289: 808 Cited in the ShadharAitu aEuro TM l Dhahab
- 290: Under the title FawAitu aEuro TM l WafayAit
- 291: 844 MurA?ju aEuro TM l Dhahab
- 292: Entitled KitAibu aEuro TM l FAikhir
- 293: Professor Snouck Hurgronje Mohammedanism
- 294: Mua?Yammad Kurd aEuro AlA Cairo
- 295: Translated from Syriac into Arabic about 830 A
- 296: A follower of Ibnu aEuro TM l aEuro ArabA
- 297: The EncyclopA dia of Islam Leyden
- 298: Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur
- 299: Studien in arabischen Dichtern
- 300: Mohammed and the Rise of Islam
- 301: Geschichte der Fatimiden Chalifen
- 302: Kleinere Schriften des Ibn al aEuro ArabAe
- 303: Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks de l'A%gypte
- 304: AEuro Abbas for al aEuro Abbas
- 305: 14 aEuro Abdu aEuro TM l aEuro Uzza
- 306: 343 Abu aEuro TM l aEuro Atahiya poet
- 307: 45 Abu aEuro TM l Qasim Ahmad
- 308: Xxx Akhbaru aEuro TM l Zaman
- 309: 185 Amiru aEuro TM l Umara title
- 310: 226 Arab singers in the first century A
- 311: 386 aEuro Arifu aEuro TM l Zanadiqa
- 312: AEuro Athtor SabA an divinity
- 313: Name given to the early Moslems
- 314: The colour of the aEuro Abbasids
- 315: Mentioned in the Friday sermon
- 316: Introduced by aEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Malik
- 317: See MadaaEuro TM in Cureton
- 318: 246 Dhu aEuro TM l aEuro Umrayn
- 319: Considered useful and instructive
- 320: 152 Fawatu aEuro TM l Wafayat
- 321: 329 Ghulat the extreme ShiaEuro ites
- 322: 456 Hakam I Spanish Umayyad
- 323: AEuro Amr Muharriq Harith b
- 324: 243 Hisham I Spanish Umayyad
- 325: 455 History of Islamic Civilisation
- 326: 456 Ibnu aEuro TM l Hanafiyya
- 327: 193 Ibnu aEuro TM l MuqaffaaEuro
- 328: 101 aEuro Imadu aEuro TM l Dawla Buwayhid
- 329: 53 aEuro Izzu aEuro TM l Din b
- 330: Jami aEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Rahman
- 331: 343 kanwakan a species of verse
- 332: 339 Kitabu aEuro TM l aEuro Ibar
- 333: Held by Moslems to be the literal Word of God
- 334: Lamiyyatu aEuro TM l aEuro Ajam
- 335: 294 Madinatu aEuro TM l Salam
- 336: 337 Masaliku aEuro TM l Mamalik
- 337: Wife of Hatim of TayyiaEuro TM
- 338: Falsely attributed to Muhammad
- 339: 357 MuaEuro jamu aEuro TM l Udaba
- 340: 266 Mustansir aEuro Abbasid
- 341: 455 Mystical poetry of the Arabs
- 342: 265 Nasrid dynasty of Granada
- 343: 139 NuaEuro man III Lakhmite
- 344: Translated by Ibnu aEuro TM l MuqaffaaEuro
- 345: Organised by aEuro Abdu aEuro TM l Malik
- 346: Regarded as the classical standard
- 347: 119 Risalatu aEuro TM l Ghufran
- 348: 388 SabaEuro iyya the Seveners
- 349: 297 samaaEuro religious music
- 350: 461 Shadhili order of dervishes
- 351: 459 Siratu Rasuli aEuro TM llah
- 352: South Arabic South Arabic language
- 353: By FariduaEuro TM ddin aEuro Attar
- 354: 445 Ta'rikhu aEuro TM l Khulafa
- 355: 337 Traditions of the Prophet
- 356: 274 aEuro UbayduaEuro TM llah b
- 357: AEuro Abd al Malik Umayyad Caliph
- 358: AEuro Abd al Malik Umayyad Caliph
