Page 492: A probable typographical error "Camide, Desmoulins" has been replaced by "Camille Desmoulin".
The following sentences had illegible words; inserted words are shown here between "=".
Page 82: "and his mother, Catharine, became virtually the =ruler= of the nation."
Page 178: "The minority had now become a majority,"--which is not unusual in revolutionary times,--and proceeded to the work, in good earnest, which =he= had long contemplated.
Page 487: All classes in France were anxious for it, and =war= was soon declared.]
A MODERN HISTORY, FROM THE TIME OF LUTHER TO THE FALL OF NAPOLEON.
FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES.
BY JOHN LORD, A.M., LECTURER ON HISTORY.
PHILADELPHIA: CHARLES DESILVER; CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER; J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON & Co. BOSTON: NICHOLS & HALL. CINCINNATI: ROBERT CLARKE & Co; WILSON, HINKLE & Co. SAN FRANCISCO: A. L. BANCROFT & Co.
_Chicago_: S. C. GRIGGS & Co.--_Charleston, S. C._: J. M. Greer & Son; Edward Perry & Son.--_Raleigh, N. C._: Williams & Lambeth.--_Baltimore, Md._: Cushings & Bailey; W. J. C Dulaney & Co.--_New Orleans, La._: Stevens & Seymour.--_Savannah, Ga._: J. M. Cooper & Co.--_Macon, Ga._: J. M. Boardman.--_Augusta, Ga._: Thos. Richards & Son.--_Richmond, Va._: Woodhouse & Parham.
1874.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by JOHN LORD, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
PREFACE.
In preparing this History, I make no claim to original and profound investigations; but the arrangement, the style, and the sentiments, are my own. I have simply attempted to condense the great and varied subjects which are presented, so as to furnish a connected narrative of what is most vital in the history of the last three hundred years, avoiding both minute details and elaborate disquisitions. It has been my aim to write a book, which should be neither a chronological table nor a philosophical treatise, but a work adapted to the wants of young people in the various stages of education, and which, it is hoped, will also prove interesting to those of maturer age; who have not the leisure to read extensive works, and yet who wish to understand the connection of great events since the Protestant Reformation. Those characters, institutions, reforms, and agitations, which have had the greatest influence in advancing society, only have been described, and these not to the extent which will satisfy the learned or the curious. Dates and names, battles and sieges, have not been disregarded; but more attention has been given to those ideas and to those men by whose influence and agency great changes have taken place. In a work so limited, and yet so varied, marginal references to original authorities have not been deemed necessary; but a list of standard and accessible authors is furnished, at the close of each chapter, which the young student, seeking more minute information, can easily consult. A continuation of this History to the present time might seem desirable; but it would be difficult to condense the complicated events of the last thirty years into less than another volume. Instead of an unsatisfactory compend, especially of subjects concerning which there are great differences of opinion, and considerable warmth of feeling, useful tables of important events are furnished in the Appendix. I have only to add, that if I have succeeded in remedying, in some measure, the defects of those dry compendiums, which are used for want of living histories; if I have combined what is instructive with what is entertaining; and especially if I shall impress the common mind, even to a feeble degree, with those great moral truths which history ought to teach, I shall feel that my agreeable labor is not without its reward.
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A Modern History, From the Time of Luther to the F
- 2: Martin luther and his associates
- 3: And the austrian princes of spain
- 4: Protectorate of oliver cromwell
- 5: Death of Ganganelli Death of Louis XV
- 6: Administration of william pitt
- 7: 543 Genealogical Table of the Bourbons
- 8: May well rank with Correggio and Titian
- 9: Chaucer is the father of English poetry
- 10: Which notion subverted the doctrines of the Bible
- 11: And who encouraged persecutions and inquisitions
- 12: He entered an Augustinian monastery at Erfurt
- 13: And delivered lectures on biblical theology
- 14: So far as Luther opposed monkery and despotism
- 15: In obedience to the summons of De Vio
- 16: Eck was among the first who arrived
- 17: Of the great ecclesiastical dignitaries
- 18: He denounced the daring monk of Wittemberg
- 19: Carlstadt was a type of such men
- 20: Which Carlstadt totally denied
- 21: Sidenote Controversy between Luther and Zwingle
- 22: But Zwingle contemplated political
- 23: Martin Luther stands preeminent
- 24: He had absolute authority in his feudal provinces
- 25: Maximilian was emperor of Germany
- 26: Francis was the most weakened and disheartened
- 27: The diet assembled at Augsburg
- 28: And the renewal of hostilities in 1541
- 29: The pope resolved to assemble the famous Council of Trent
- 30: Abandon the league of Smalcalde
- 31: He was indignant that the landgrave
- 32: Were not diminished by the treaty of Passau
- 33: Tournaments ceased with his death
- 34: Sidenote Rise of Cardinal Wolsey
- 35: Many of whom were injured by the expensive tastes of Wolsey
- 36: But Wolsey was thunderstruck at the disclosure
- 37: Sidenote More Cranmer Cromwell
- 38: With such ministers as Cranmer and Cromwell
- 39: Sidenote Execution of Anne Boleyn
- 40: Sidenote Anne of Cleves Catharine Howard
- 41: Hertford became Duke of Somerset
- 42: Scotland was invaded by the Duke of Somerset
- 43: Nothing more remained to be done by Cranmer
- 44: And her cause the cause of legitimacy
- 45: But the character of such men as Cranmer
- 46: It was not until the fires of Smithfield were lighted
- 47: In declaring her birth illegitimate
- 48: With the countess of Argyle and Rizzio
- 49: Sidenote Bothwell Civil War in Scotland
- 50: The cruelties of Alva were unparalleled
- 51: The armada met with nothing but misfortunes
- 52: Essex disdained to sue the queen for a pardon
- 53: Sidenote Character of Elizabeth
- 54: Under the auspices of Sir Walter Raleigh
- 55: Sidenote Catharine de Medicis
- 56: Admiral Coligny was invited to Paris
- 57: He cautioned the king of Navarre
- 58: His first act was the celebrated Edict of Nantes
- 59: The scheme of the enlightened Henry
- 60: During the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella
- 61: Sidenote Revolt of the Moriscoes
- 62: The diocese of Seville had fourteen thousand priests
- 63: Sidenote Decline of the Spanish Monarchy
- 64: The struggle between Protestantism and Romanism
- 65: The founder of the order was Ignatius Loyola
- 66: One of the first converts of Loyola
- 67: Sidenote Degeneracy of the Jesuits
- 68: Sidenote Evils in the Jesuit System
- 69: The great victories of the Jesuits
- 70: Father Bouhour's Life of Ignatius Loyola
- 71: Was formed the league of Smalcalde
- 72: The Emperor Matthias died in 1618
- 73: Sidenote Character of Wallenstein
- 74: And the disgrace of Wallenstein was ordained
- 75: In the person of Gustavus Adolphus
- 76: For Wallenstein was now stronger than Gustavus
- 77: Sidenote Assassination of Wallenstein
- 78: Sidenote Regency of Mary de Medicis
- 79: And usurped the power of Concini
- 80: While the Prince of Chalais was executed
- 81: Still Richelieu was not satisfied
- 82: Sidenote Character of Richelieu
- 83: Followed out the policy of Richelieu
- 84: The wits of the court called the insurgents frondeurs
- 85: The Fronde rebellion was a failure
- 86: The return of Cardinal Mazarin to power
- 87: And the bigotry of the reformers
- 88: Sidenote Conspiracy of Sir Walter Raleigh
- 89: No Catholic recusant was permitted to practise surgery
- 90: Robert Carr was a Scottish gentleman
- 91: Carr was supplanted by Villiers
- 92: His base and unmanly sycophancy
- 93: Sidenote Trial and Execution of Raleigh
- 94: New privileges and monopolies were invented
- 95: When Buckingham was assassinated
- 96: Royalty also rose above feudalism
- 97: To exercise all his feudal privileges
- 98: He was created Viscount Wentworth
- 99: But ended in the condemnation of Hampden
- 100: Sidenote Insurrection in Scotland
- 101: A few months after the execution of Strafford
- 102: But Pym and others got intelligence of the design of Charles
- 103: Some administer the communion with surplice and cap
- 104: But the non conformists were further molested
- 105: Sidenote Archbishops Grindal and Whitgift
- 106: When Laud was both minister and archbishop
- 107: Or any convocation of ministers in Scotland
- 108: Was not between the Puritans and the Episcopalians
- 109: Was the ablest of the royalist party
- 110: And at the death of his cousin Hampden
- 111: Essex and Waller invested Oxford
- 112: And their Presbyterian sympathies
- 113: Bridgewater surrendered to Fairfax
- 114: And even invited him to return to Holmby House
- 115: While Cromwell was besieging Pembroke
- 116: Sidenote Cromwell Invades Scotland
- 117: Protectorate of oliver cromwell
- 118: Sidenote Storming of Drogheda and Wexford
- 119: Cromwell usurped his prerogatives
- 120: The Rump Parliament was inefficient
- 121: Sidenote Cromwell Assumes the Protectorship
- 122: Sidenote Cromwell Rules without a Parliament
- 123: And also with it royalty itself
- 124: On the character of Cromwell
- 125: For what the elevation of Cromwell
- 126: Of the preponderance of a military government
- 127: Hypocrisy and cant succeeded fervor and honesty
- 128: Sidenote Repeal of the Triennial Bill
- 129: And Lauderdale were profligate
- 130: Which infringement was the more reprehensible
- 131: Oates made his hideous revelations
- 132: Who had taken the depositions of Oates against Coleman
- 133: Even to be a bigot in religion
- 134: Sidenote Execution of Russell and Sydney
- 135: And prospered only as they pandered to depraved passions
- 136: Burnet is a prejudiced historian
- 137: Sidenote Monmouth Lands in England
- 138: Which ended favorably to Monmouth
- 139: Sidenote Brutality of Jeffreys
- 140: Married women taken at conventicles
- 141: Entirely a different man was John Bunyan
- 142: Or in venerated dignitaries of the church
- 143: Sidenote Despotic Power of James
- 144: Even of his Catholic counsellors
- 145: And especially by the Dissenters
- 146: But the jury rendered a verdict of acquittal
- 147: Voted to defend its franchises
- 148: And supposed to be written by Bishop Burnet
- 149: Soon several disaffected nobles joined him in Exeter
- 150: Sidenote Consummation of the Revolution
- 151: His reign commemorates the triumph in France
- 152: On the death of Cardinal Mazarin
- 153: Sidenote His Military Ambition
- 154: Turenne commanded another on the side of Germany
- 155: He founded the Gobelin tapestries
- 156: Madame de Maintenon gained hers
- 157: But he was beaten by Marshal Catinat
- 158: He was made Earl of Marlborough
- 159: And Marshal Tallard was posted
- 160: Chiefly through the influence of Marlborough
- 161: He has been foolishly panegyrized
- 162: The great struggle with Louis XIV
- 163: Tyrconnel then proceeded to disarm the Protestants
- 164: After the surrender of Limerick
- 165: Made in the laws pertaining to licensing books
- 166: Sir Isaac Newton and John Locke
- 167: Than to the victories of Marlborough
- 168: Sidenote Character of Marlborough
- 169: The advocates for war were Whigs
- 170: Bishop Atterbury wrote for Sacheverell his defence
- 171: Many ardent and patriotic Scotchmen
- 172: And all other courts of judicature in Scotland
- 173: Addison was provided with a pension from the Whig government
- 174: Sidenote Pope Bolingbroke Gay Prior
- 175: With its mighty towers and imposing minarets
- 176: And the conspirators were executed with unsparing cruelty
- 177: He turned his attention to war and national aggrandizement
- 178: After his unfortunate defeat at Narva
- 179: The reward of merit by the czar
- 180: Had the battle of Pultowa been decided differently
- 181: Sidenote Elevation of Catharine
- 182: Than that of the old Scandinavia with rude deities
- 183: Gustavus headed an insurrection
- 184: The celebrated Gustavus Adolphus was his descendant
- 185: And Stanislaus Leczinski was chosen king in his stead
- 186: Vizier after vizier was flattered and assailed
- 187: But the power of the aristocracy
- 188: But Townshend and Walpole were the most influential
- 189: After the passage of the Septennial Act
- 190: All eyes looked to Sir Robert Walpole
- 191: Of these irredeemable annuities
- 192: Sidenote Enlightened Policy of Walpole
- 193: Walpole rechartered the East India Company
- 194: Sidenote Resignation of Townsend
- 195: His power was almost absolute from 1730 to 1740
- 196: Sidenote Early Life of Wesley
- 197: When Whitefield returned from Georgia
- 198: Itinerancy and popularity gave him notoriety
- 199: Reminiscences by Horace Walpole
- 200: The first colony was established in Hispaniola
- 201: Sidenote Portuguese Settlements
- 202: Raleigh despatched two small exploring vessels
- 203: For the colonization of America
- 204: In spite of dissensions and natural indolence
- 205: The jealousy of arbitrary power
- 206: And others tyrannical and rapacious
- 207: The Mayflower and the Speedwell
- 208: Portsmouth and Dover had an existence as early as 1623
- 209: And establish a new theocracy on earth
- 210: But the Pequods were no match for Europeans
- 211: But the Puritans refused to surrender their charter
- 212: William Penn received from the king
- 213: Were all colonized by the English
- 214: Louisiana was colonized by Frenchmen
- 215: Nor did it result in a rapid colonization
- 216: Sidenote French Encroachments
- 217: Sidenote La Bourdonnais and Dupleix
- 218: The elevation of Meer Jaffier was
- 219: The administration of the Pelhams
- 220: The Pelhams were descended from one of the oldest
- 221: Sidenote Surrender of Edinburgh
- 222: He drew up his army on the moor of Culloden
- 223: The King of Prussia made himself master of Silesia
- 224: Sidenote Capture of Louisburg
- 225: Within ten miles of Fort Du Quesne
- 226: The Pelham administration cannot
- 227: And a third against Fort Du Quesne
- 228: Sidenote Victories of Clive in India
- 229: Should be ceded to Great Britain
- 230: Macaulay's Essay on Chatham
- 231: Had shares in the Mississippi Company
- 232: And the Duke of Orleans was execrated
- 233: Was the quarrel between the Jesuits and the Jansenists
- 234: Among them was Arnauld D'Antilly
- 235: The Jansenists were bitterly persecuted
- 236: Although ignorant of the new jurisprudence
- 237: The parliament presented new remonstrances
- 238: Madame de Pompadour was the most noted
- 239: La Valette aimed to monopolize
- 240: But the Jesuits were too powerful
- 241: Ganganelli was compelled to give his decision
- 242: For a general view of the reign of Louis XV
- 243: Sidenote Accession of Frederic the Great
- 244: Frederic commenced hostilities
- 245: The two armies met at Rossbach
- 246: The day of the ever memorable battle of Leuthen
- 247: And was forced to retreat to Silesia
- 248: By which Frederic retained his spoil
- 249: Frederic amused himself in building palaces
- 250: Sidenote Character of Frederic
- 251: The Aulic Council was also judicial
- 252: They also found a noble defender in Emeric Tekeli
- 253: Sidenote Accession of Maria Theresa
- 254: Chiefly in consequence of the intrigues of Menzikoff
- 255: Sought to dethrone her husband
- 256: Sidenote Assassination of Ivan
- 257: Alexis Orloff and Prince Baratinski
- 258: When the dynasty of the Jagellons commenced
- 259: Sidenote Sobieski Assists the Emperor Leopold
- 260: Zamoyski also recommended the emancipation of serfs
- 261: Praga was reduced to a heap of ruins
- 262: Like that of Abbassides at Bagdad
- 263: The great Bajazet died in captivity
- 264: Maintained his supremacy over Transylvania
- 265: Was the institution of the Janizaries a guard of soldiers
- 266: Sidenote Prosecution of Wilkes
- 267: During some of their bacchanalian revels
- 268: But Lutterell was declared duly elected by the Commons
- 269: And be bound to labor for English aggrandizement
- 270: Who was succeeded by the Marquis of Rockingham
- 271: Lord Chatham resigned the Privy Seal
- 272: Not composed of the ignorant peasantry
- 273: Sidenote Protestant Association
- 274: Burke attempted to secure some economical retrenchments
- 275: Macaulay's Essay on Chatham
- 276: And her right to tax the colonies
- 277: Sidenote Riots and Disturbances
- 278: Sidenote Port of Boston Closed
- 279: But to adopt conciliatory measures
- 280: That spark was kindled at Lexington
- 281: The Americans evacuated New York
- 282: Gained the battles of Princeton and Trenton
- 283: By the battles of Bennington and Brandywine
- 284: Sidenote Arrival of La Fayette
- 285: Sidenote Evacuation of Philadelphia
- 286: General La Fayette obtained leave to return to France
- 287: Administration of william pitt
- 288: Pitt took a commanding position as a parliamentary orator
- 289: The nation would not suffer from taxation
- 290: They got possession of Wexford
- 291: The leaders were Robert Emmet and Thomas Russell
- 292: Sidenote Parliamentary Reform
- 293: Were the dominions of Hyder Ali
- 294: Being oppressed by the Nabob of Oude
- 295: Sidenote Prosecution of Hastings
- 296: Sidenote Richard Brinsley Sheridan
- 297: Although the Mahrattas country was the largest
- 298: Sidenote War with Tippoo Saib
- 299: Wilberforce interested himself greatly in this investigation
- 300: Pitt continued to manage the helm of state until 1806
- 301: Helvetius was a man of station and wealth
- 302: Into the extreme of mockery and negation
- 303: The Encyclopedists professed to know every thing
- 304: Numerous edicts prohibited weeding
- 305: Sidenote Derangement of Finances
- 306: Sidenote Maurepas Turgot Malesherbes
- 307: And Calonne recommended the assembling of the Notables
- 308: Especially in view of the great number of the deputies
- 309: Several thousand millions of francs were confiscated
- 310: Thus arose the system of Assignats
- 311: Sidenote The Girondists and the Jacobins
- 312: Danton was the hero of the late insurrection
- 313: Sidenote Marat Danton Robespierre
- 314: But Robespierre and Marat were the leading members
- 315: Sidenote Death of Robespierre
- 316: With the accession of the Directory to power
- 317: Sidenote Character of Napoleon
- 318: Napoleon had enlightened views
- 319: Though inferior to Carnot in genius
- 320: One hundred and eighty frigates
- 321: Bonaparte declared war against Venice
- 322: And the Mamelukes were signally defeated
- 323: Sieyes and Roger Ducos withdrew from the consulate
- 324: Was the difficult task of Bonaparte
- 325: But Fouche revealed the plot to Bonaparte
- 326: Sidenote Battle of Austerlitz
- 327: Napoleon after the peace of Tilsit
- 328: Long and disastrous was that Peninsular war
- 329: And afterwards to Ciudad Rodrigo
- 330: Both armies approached Smolensko about the 16th of July
- 331: Sidenote Battles of Lutzen and Bautzen
- 332: Napoleon retired to Fontainebleau
- 333: Before Napoleon escaped from Elba
- 334: That he had to oppose Wellington and Blucher
- 335: Botta's History of Italy under Napoleon
- 336: Europe on the fall of napoleon
- 337: And infinite sacrifices and humiliations
- 338: Revived the ancient principles of absolutism and bigotry
- 339: Inauguration of President Monroe
- 340: Suicide of the Marquis of Londonderry
- 341: Plots of the Carlists in Spain
- 342: Espartero sole Regent of Spain
- 343: Termination of the War in Scinde
- 344: Earls of Sunderland and Tyrconnell
- 345: Restored in June the same year
- 346: Viscount Melbourne's Administration dissolved
- 347: A Modern History, From the Time of Luther to the F
- 348: 1685 Abdic
- 349: Genealogical table of the bourbons
