THE
RAY SOCIETY.
INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.
[Illustration]
LONDON.
MDCCCLI.
A MONOGRAPH
ON THE SUB-CLASS
CIRRIPEDIA,
WITH
FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES.
BY
CHARLES DARWIN, F.R.S., F.G.S.
THE LEPADIDAE;
OR,
PEDUNCULATED CIRRIPEDES.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY.
MDCCCLI.
C. AND J. ADLARD, PRINTERS, BARTHOLOMEW
PREFACE.
My duty, in acknowledging the great obligations under which I lie to many naturalists, affords me most sincere pleasure. I had originally intended to have described only a single abnormal Cirripede, from the shores of South America, and was led, for the sake of comparison, to examine the internal parts of as many genera as I could procure. Under these circumstances, Mr. J. E. Gray, in the most disinterested manner, suggested to me making a Monograph on the entire class, although he himself had already collected materials for this same object. Furthermore, Mr. Gray most kindly gave me his strong support, when I applied to the Trustees of the British Museum for the use of the public collection; and I here most respectfully beg to offer my grateful acknowledgments to the Trustees, for their most liberal and unfettered permission of examining, and when necessary, disarticulating the specimens in the magnificent collection of Cirripedes, commenced by Dr. Leach, and steadily added to, during many years, by Mr. Gray. Considering the difficulty in determining the species in this class, had it not been for this most liberal permission by the Trustees, the public collection would have been of no use to me, or to any other naturalist, in systematically classifying the Cirripedes.
Previously to Mr. Gray suggesting to me the present Monograph, Mr. Stutchbury, of Bristol, had offered to intrust to me his truly beautiful collection, the fruit of many years' labour. At that time I refused this most generous offer, intending to confine myself to anatomical observations; but I have since accepted it, and still have the entire splendid collection for my free use. Mr. Stutchbury, with unwearied kindness, further supplied me with fresh specimens for dissection, and with much valuable information. At about the same period, Mr. Cuming strongly urged me to take up the subject, and his advice had more weight with me than that of almost any other person. He placed his whole magnificent collection at my disposal, and urged me to treat it as if it were my own: whenever I told him that I thought it necessary, he permitted me to open unique specimens of great value, and dissect the included animal. I shall always feel deeply honoured by the confidence reposed in me by Mr. Cuming and Mr. Stutchbury.
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia by Darwin
- 2: I am much indebted for several long letters
- 3: On the Larvae in the First Stage of Development in Balanus
- 4: Under the general description of the Lepadidae
- 5: And the latero inferior valve
- 6: 2 In the Carina of Fossil Species of Scalpellum
- 7: Which I call the ovigerous Fraena
- 8: Description of mature Lepadidae
- 9: Before the first moult in Scalpellum
- 10: Where the mouth in Scalpellum opens
- 11: To the larvae of Lepas australis
- 12: And in Lepas and Conchoderma
- 13: And thus attached to the outer apodemes
- 14: Bearing the long plumose spines
- 15: The Young Cirripede within the Larva
- 16: In the young Cirripede and larva
- 17: In the young perfected Cirripede
- 18: Already alluded to under the name of Proteolepas
- 19: In the Order containing the Lepadidae
- 20: And some species of Scalpellum
- 21: The calcified scales are moulted
- 22: In Scalpellum the position is the same
- 23: The two ovarian tubes which ran into them
- 24: At least this is not the case in Coronula
- 25: And of the mouth from the adductor scutorum muscle
- 26: Of this bullate form is to give
- 27: This apodeme is embedded in muscles Pl
- 28: There are some deep branching caeca
- 29: As in Pollicipes mitella and Lepas fascicularis
- 30: First thoracic or infra oesophageal ganglion
- 31: And nearer to the supra oesophageal ganglion
- 32: Are in the Lepadidae united together
- 33: In Scalpellum vulgare it is small
- 34: Except in certain species of Scalpellum
- 35: I have called the ovigerous fraena Pl
- 36: And are attached to the ovigerous fraena
- 37: Performs the function of the penis in Scalpellum ornatum
- 38: Of the Lepadidae with those of the Balanidae
- 39: When many species of Scalpellum and Pollicipes
- 40: And as the sessile division was named Balanus
- 41: Uniting the opposite scuta at their umbones
- 42: The peduncle in this genus attains its greatest development
- 43: ANATIFA vel ANATIFERA vel PENTALASMIS laevis 24
- 44: Sometimes rather plain on the basal part of the scuta
- 45: Second cirrus with anterior ramus
- 46: ANATIFA vel PENTALASMIS LAEVIS
- 47: The filamentary appendages offer a good character
- 48: Terga generally more plainly furrowed than the scuta
- 49: Generally about as long as the capitulum
- 50: In the greater width of the scuta
- 51: Scuta with a prominent ridge extending
- 52: And in the frequent absence of filamentary appendages
- 53: The filamentary appendages were not developed
- 54: Fascicularis of the northern and tropical seas
- 55: From the narrowness of the carina and terga
- 56: Fresh vesicular membrane proceeds
- 57: In the valves being covered with villose membrane
- 58: The basal angles of their terga cut off
- 59: The two scuta are unequally convex
- 60: Scuta with strong internal umbonal teeth
- 61: Rather smaller in proportion to the scuta
- 62: The scuta are either equally or very unequally convex
- 63: A rather shorter than the scuta
- 64: The occludent segments of the scuta
- 65: Fissa shows no special affinity to this genus
- 66: Is three fourths as long as the scuta
- 67: Non calcified portion of valve
- 68: Orthogonia largely projecting
- 69: In the bilobed form of the scuta
- 70: Lower part wider than the occludent segment of the scuta
- 71: Manubrio angustiore quam occludens scutorum segmentum
- 72: The linear basal segments of the scuta
- 73: The Terga are battle axe shaped
- 74: Grayii in all the valves being shorter
- 75: And is twice as broad as the occludent segment of the scuta
- 76: Lies under the points of the basal segments of the scuta
- 77: This genus agrees with Scalpellum
- 78: Attached in numbers to an Antipathes
- 79: Though the longer ramus of the first
- 80: Inter se remotae scuta bi aut tri lobata
- 81: The ovigerous lamellae either form several layers
- 82: Whether this species could be the Lepas aurita of Linnaeus
- 83: Behind the terga or the clefts
- 84: The capitulum is more or less spotted
- 85: Scuta three lobed terga concave internally
- 86: The scuta are very imperfectly calcified
- 87: This tube springs from over the terga
- 88: The scuta are imperfectly calcified
- 89: Terga separated from the scuta
- 90: Hunteri we have other differences
- 91: Or with transparent horny scuta
- 92: Cornuta they surround the whole capitulum
- 93: Parasita has been always taken on Medusae
- 94: Placed near the adductor muscle
- 95: Has a pair of horny scuta or valves
- 96: Are scattered over the whole capitulum
- 97: Of the anterior ramus of the second cirrus
- 98: Capitulum sine valvis apertura ampla pedunculus fimbriatus
- 99: Surround the capitulum in Alepas
- 100: So unlike that in other Lepadidae
- 101: The only other genus of Lepadidae
- 102: Attached to the ovigerous lamellae
- 103: Properly placed between Alepas and Ibla
- 104: And shall meet again in some species of Scalpellum
- 105: At the end of the genus Scalpellum
- 106: These are shorter and broader than the terga
- 107: For in the rami of each cirrus
- 108: Or of the two great vesiculae seminales
- 109: The outer tunic is lined by corium
- 110: The disc itself being 7 6000ths of an inch
- 111: They are 7 2000th of an inch in length
- 112: The vesiculae seminales can seldom be made distinctly out
- 113: They differ from the antennae in Scalpellum
- 114: And this Cirripede in six specimens
- 115: The male Ibla must seize its prey
- 116: In the florets of some compositous flowers
- 117: Quite as distinct as those of the cirri
- 118: The ovigerous fraena are extraordinarily small
- 119: Is 32 6000ths or 33 6000ths of an inch that is
- 120: With the apodemes to which they are attached
- 121: Assuredly is the male of Ibla quadrivalvis
- 122: In retaining the two genera Scalpellum and Pollicipes
- 123: The separation even of Scalpellum and Pollicipes
- 124: Villosum have their umbones seated laterally
- 125: The Cirri are generally but little curled
- 126: If we take any species of Scalpellum
- 127: In area equalling about one fourth of the rostral latera
- 128: Rather larger than the carinal latera
- 129: Together they run along the rostral edge
- 130: Shorter ramus with seven segments
- 131: The upper latera a little more elongated
- 132: They are often 4 2000ths of an inch in length
- 133: With the outer tunic of the thorax
- 134: In which the vesicula seminalis was gorged with spermatozoa
- 135: And extended further beyond the prehensile antennae
- 136: The transparent chitine border of the scuta is broad
- 137: Into which I traced the vesicula seminalis
- 138: With those of the hermaphrodite Scalpellum vulgare
- 139: Towards the infra median latera
- 140: Anterior ramus rather thicker than the posterior ramus
- 141: The whole outer integument is much thinner
- 142: These extend nearly parallel to the tergal margin
- 143: And that by adhering to the sack of the Scalpellum
- 144: But run up a little way along the tergal margin
- 145: Ornatum than to any other species
- 146: And twice as long as the rostral pair of latera
- 147: The scuta are rather broader in proportion to their length
- 148: Nearly 1 1000th of an inch in length
- 149: Capitulum with 13 valves three pair of latera
- 150: In size equalling the carinal latera
- 151: Villosum than to any other species
- 152: The scuta and terga are broadly oval
- 153: Shows that from the first commencement of calcification
- 154: POLLICIPES VILLOSUS on Plate TOMENTOSUS in text
- 155: In width it exceeds the largest of the latera
- 156: Scalpellum villosum most closely resembles
- 157: As in the ordinary and hermaphrodite form of Scalpellum
- 158: In the genera Ibla and Scalpellum
- 159: Rostratum having four pairs of latera
- 160: In the hermaphrodite forms of Scalpellum
- 161: Plumose spines on the upper exterior angle
- 162: Generally pointed and elongated
- 163: Rostratum only thrice as large as the parasite
- 164: Hardly to be avoided in the genus Scalpellum
- 165: Like the males of the first three species of Scalpellum
- 166: For it will be seen that Mitella of Oken
- 167: Differently from in most species of Scalpellum
- 168: There are small ovigerous fraena in P
- 169: Or that between the scuta and rostrum
- 170: But generally longer than the capitulum
- 171: The anterior ramus of the second cirrus had twelve segments
- 172: Filamentary appendages attached to the prosoma
- 173: In the larger proportional size of the upper latera
- 174: The latera in the next whorl are triangular
- 175: The length of one of the scuta was 14 1000ths of an inch
- 176: Posterior cirri moderately long
- 177: Brown coloured calcified layer
- 178: In which the calcified plates were most developed
- 179: Internally the scuta are concave
- 180: For fully three fourths of the height of the scuta
- 181: Rarely as long as the capitulum
- 182: Inferior angle coarsely pectinated
- 183: In the scuta and terga being articulated together
- 184: In shape all the latera are nearly alike
- 185: Covered with thick membrane which abounds with tubuli
- 186: And carinal latera in Scalpellum
- 187: Coarsely and doubly pectinated
- 188: The scuta descending lower than the terga and carina
- 189: Dorsalis well seen in the latera
- 190: And each furnished with a tubulus
- 191: Opercular muscles of sessile cirripedes
- 192: The lower part of the peduncle
- 193: Dorsalis ran in a very irregular course
- 194: In the intervals of exuviation
- 195: A new membrane studded with calcified beads
- 196: Steenstrup the sight of this Plate
- 197: The apodemes are less straight than is usual
- 198: Squamarum quinque subjacentium longitudinem aequantibus
- 199: From the overlapping of the scuta
- 200: The upper part as wide as the capitulum
- 201: Squamas subjacentes sesquitertio superantibus
- 202: The scuta largely overlap the terga
- 203: Squamarum septem subjacentium latitudinem aequantibus
- 204: There is a trace of a knob at the baso tergal angle
- 205: Pedicels of the first four cirri
- 206: Scuta largely overlapping the terga
- 207: The inferior angle is coarsely pectinated
- 208: With its tergal margin largely hollowed out
- 209: Placed between the edges of the carina and the terga
- 210: Without the peduncle or the latera
- 211: Overlaps the scuta in a large rectangular projection
- 212: Had it not been for the expression stipite lamellosa
- 213: Internal view of right hand scutum
- 214: Conchoderma virgata summit of capitulum
- 215: Internal view of the scutum and tergum
- 216: Internal view of scutum and tergum
- 217: Scalpellum vulgare hermaphrodite
- 218: Complemental Male of Scalpellum rostratum
- 219: Internal view of scutum and tergum
- 220: Mandibles of Scalpellum Peronii
- 221: Caudal appendage right hand side of Scalpellum Peronii
- 222: On the metamorphoses of Cirripedes
- 223: Female organs of generation in the Lepadidae
- 224: On the homologies of Cirripedes
- 225: Locomotive or last larval state
- 226: Spermatozoa in Scalpellum vulgare
- 227: George Sowerby Illustration Pl
