The Old Testament
In the Light of
The Historical Records and Legends
of Assyria and Babylonia
By
Theophilus G. Pinches
LL.D., M.R.A.S.
Published under the direction of the Tract Committee
Third Edition--Revised, With Appendices and Notes
London:
Society For Promoting Christian Knowledge
1908
CONTENTS
Foreword Chapter I. The Early Traditions Of The Creation. Chapter II. The History, As Given In The Bible, From The Creation To The Flood. Chapter III. The Flood. Appendix. The Second Version Of The Flood-Story. Chapter IV. Assyria, Babylonia, And The Hebrews, With Reference To The So-Called Genealogical Table. The Tower Of Babel. The Patriarchs To Abraham. Chapter V. Babylonia At The Time Of Abraham. The Religious Element. The King. The People. "Year of Samas and Rimmon." Chapter VI. Abraham. Salem. Chapter VII. Isaac, Jacob, And Joseph. Chapter VIII. The Tel-El-Amarna Tablets And The Exodus. Chapter IX. The Nations With Whom The Israelites Came Into Contact. Amorites. Hittites. Jebusites. Girgashites. Moabites. Chapter X. Contact Of The Hebrews With The Assyrians. Sennacherib. Esarhaddon. Assur-Bani-Apli. Chapter XI. Contact Of The Hebrews With The Later Babylonians. Chapter XII. Life At Babylon During The Captivity, With Some Reference To The Jews. Chapter XIII. The Decline Of Babylon. Appendix. The Stele Inscribed With The Laws Of Hammurabi. Appendix To The Third Edition. Notes And Additions. Index. Footnotes
[Plate I.]
Bas-relief and inscription of Hammurabi, generally regarded as the Biblical Amraphel (Gen. xiv. 1), apparently dedicated for the saving of his life. In this he bears the title (incomplete) of "King of Amoria" (the Amorites), _lugal Mar[tu]_, Semitic Babylonian _sar mat Amurri_ (see page 315).
"There is a charm in finding ourselves, our common humanity, our puzzles, our cares, our joys, in the writings of men severed from us by race, religion, speech, and half the gulf of historical time, which no other literary pleasure can equal."--ANDREW LANG.
FOREWORD
The present work, being merely a record of things for the most part well known to students and others, cannot, on that account, contain much that is new. All that has been aimed at is, to bring together as many of the old discoveries as possible in a new dress.
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: The Old Testament In the Light of The Historical R
- 2: Tukulti apil Esarra Tiglath pileser
- 3: The Babylonians and the Hebrews
- 4: The Hebrew story of the Creation
- 5: The Chaldean Account of Genesis
- 6: Ansar and Kisar were produced and over th em
- 7: Making Apason the husband of Tauthe
- 8: He has taken to him the godhood of Anu
- 9: If I bind Tiamtu and save you
- 10: And cut off the life of Tiamtu
- 11: And Aa he founded their strongholds
- 12: And is as follows Merodach
- 13: 11 Let him then make his incantation
- 14: 108 And as Kirbis Tiamtu he circumvented restlessly
- 15: All the divinities descending from Tiamtu were
- 16: Are in the hands of Tiamtu see p
- 17: From him then he took the Fate tablets
- 18: E sagila was constructed E sagila
- 19: Erech and Eridu had not yet come into existence
- 20: Namely the E sagila at Babylon
- 21: Sar azaga sa sipat su ellit
- 22: No reference to the days of creation
- 23: It is simply the glorification of Merodach
- 24: The god Merodach was worshipped the merciful one
- 25: Making the fuller names Asari lu duga probably Asari
- 26: Tishu is Merodach of handicraft
- 27: Shows an identification of Jah with Aa
- 28: He was also called Ellila banda
- 29: After the appearance of the fourth Annedotos
- 30: As the deities Anu and his consort Antum
- 31: Tiamtu is represented in the Old Testament by tehom
- 32: A river came out of Eden to water the garden
- 33: In the Babylonian description of the Eridu
- 34: The fructification of a winged bull
- 35: Babylonian Mythological Composition
- 36: The evidence of a fragment of a bilingual list found by Mr
- 37: Babylonian Alu ul epus
- 38: In Semitic Babylonian ablu kenu
- 39: The Akkadian Idigna the Tigris
- 40: Its counterpart in the Babylonian Mut ili
- 41: Its length was to be three hundred cubits
- 42: Noah removed the covering of the vessel
- 43: From being the rival of Gilgames
- 44: A conflict that he Gilgames knoweth not he will meet
- 45: ' Isullanu said to thee 'Me
- 46: And afterwards sees afar off Pir napistim
- 47: ' Pir napistim said also to him
- 48: The Anunnaki raised their torches
- 49: The mountain of Nisir seized the ship
- 50: Pir napistim then said to his wife 'See
- 51: Thy child whom thou lovest thou kissest not
- 52: Pir napistim was himself a worshipper of Ae
- 53: In this the Babylonian account differs
- 54: Atra hasis opened his mouth and spake
- 55: But in all probability Akkad and Akkadian are not wrong
- 56: Of which Sumero Akkadian is regarded by the Rev
- 57: Which are always written in Akkadian
- 58: And Resen with the same divine origin
- 59: Yet Assyria was a most remarkable power
- 60: Nibhaz is probably for some such name as Aba hazar
- 61: Says the author of Genesis in ch
- 62: When the ancient Akkadians first settled there
- 63: At Niffer the tower seems to have had three names
- 64: And E ur imina ana kia that of E zida
- 65: And the language of the dockets on the trade documents
- 66: Schrader makes it to be for Arpa cheshed
- 67: Concerning the names of Shelah
- 68: That which was also called Camarina
- 69: Ranke's list gives only Sumu rame
- 70: The ancient Akkadian laws were still in force
- 71: And the kings bearing mainly Akkadian names
- 72: Amurru is the name that the Babylonians used for the west
- 73: And reminds us of Ashteroth Karnaim
- 74: E girsu the lord of Girsu at the city of Girsu
- 75: And the temple E mah of Nannar the Moon god
- 76: As such names as Hammurabi Samsi
- 77: If Sin idinnam had not been a very high placed official
- 78: Have married to Ibku Annunitum
- 79: Year Ammi zaduga the king made
- 80: May thy health before the Sun god and Merodach be lasting
- 81: And Sin Amurru who are gracious to my father
- 82: If Taram Sagila say to Iltani
- 83: Which Etel pi Sin and Sin nada
- 84: Which he has shared with Ibni Samas and Urra nasir
- 85: And beside the field of Bel sunu
- 86: And Hulaltum on that account supported Ayatia
- 87: They have invoked the spirit of Nannara
- 88: The day Samas nuri says to Belisunu
- 89: Handmaid of Sarrum Addu and Hammurabi Samsi
- 90: Has hired Nawir nur su from Subtum for a year
- 91: They managed things differently in ancient Babylonia
- 92: That Ur of the Chaldees is Warka
- 93: The city to which Abram migrated with his father Terah
- 94: Whilst his son Abram was a monotheist
- 95: Sinni sunu itti pire their teeth
- 96: And the god Nusku stood before him
- 97: The country of the Sabeans was founded in Haran
- 98: KUR si rum sad Si ri i
- 99: Like Gutium and the border of Gutium
- 100: La biru sa Ammurapi an old one
- 101: That Amraphel is for Hammurabi ilu
- 102: Year Hammurabi the king renewed the temple E me temena ursag
- 103: That in inscriptions containing the name of Kudur mabuk
- 104: His hand captured Ur and Larsa
- 105: Tablet Of Eri Aku Mentioning Kudur Mabuk
- 106: Dingir galgalene the great gods
- 107: Was some such name as Kudur Lagamar or Kudur Lagamal
- 108: It reads as follows Kudur lahmal
- 109: The probability is that Durmah ilani
- 110: Down to Tiamtu he se t his face
- 111: Possibly his followers and those of Tudhula or Tidal
- 112: Uru salim or Jerusalem as king
- 113: A name which he bore as Ninip
- 114: Nannara mansum and Sin bani shall answer for
- 115: And that it means the god Shalman is chief
- 116: Except Yakub ilu and Yasup ilu
- 117: Sin was pronounced like samech and samech like sin
- 118: There is a reference to the teraphim
- 119: That there is in Semitic Babylonian a word sadu
- 120: This was not the case with Babylonia
- 121: The only god which this ruler served was Sutekh
- 122: One in the favour of the Semitic ruler of the country
- 123: Setting aside his Semitic prejudices to the fashion
- 124: Purporting to give the history of Asenath
- 125: Even before the time of the Hyksos kings
- 126: Calls the Pharaoh of Joseph Apophis
- 127: Perhaps representing Sehu and Tefnut
- 128: Like the Hyksos rulers of the land
- 129: Who accompanied him to Naharaina
- 130: In his forty second year there was an expedition to Tunep
- 131: And took spoil from the Satiu with whom he fought
- 132: Had married a sister of Dusratta
- 133: Nergal being the Assyro Babylonian god of disease and death
- 134: Say also thus 'It is Burra burias
- 135: Say thus 'It is Asur uballit
- 136: Say also thus ' it is Yabitiri thy servant
- 137: Say thus 'It is Mut zu'u 63 thy servant
- 138: When Edagama whose name also appears as Etagama
- 139: I shall re tire into the city Qatna
- 140: Namely Udumu identified by Petrie with Adamah
- 141: Turbazu has been killed at the gate of the city Zilu
- 142: This deed is the deed of Su ardatum and Milki ili
- 143: So do homage to the king thy lord
- 144: And was succeeded by Ra kheperu neb 1353 1344
- 145: From the treaty of the Khita with Rameses II
- 146: Whoever rebelled was chastised by king Meneptah
- 147: Now the chief wife of this ruler was queen Teie see p
- 148: For the Amorite god ilu Amurru
- 149: Left certain independent states under Amorite rulers
- 150: Using the Assyro Babylonian ideograph for Istar
- 151: Who bears the Assyrian name of Addu nirari
- 152: Fear dreading 81 the glory of Asur
- 153: Another reading of Hattu sar is Hattuhi
- 154: Is closely connected with that of Gergesa
- 155: Annexed Babylonia and ruled there for seven years
- 156: And offered sacrifices before Hadad of Aleppo
- 157: Shalmaneser calls him son or descendant of Omri
- 158: Ben Hadad is represented in 2 Kings vi
- 159: And advanced against Sangara of Carchemish
- 160: Is a contemporary of Jehu Yaua
- 161: And therefore a descendant of Omri
- 162: As far as it is at present known Palace of Adad nirari
- 163: The goddess Sammu loveth her
- 164: Whether the history of Sammu ramat
- 165: Tiglath pileser sat upon the throne
- 166: A decisive victory for Tiglath pileser
- 167: And Menahem gave Pul 1000 talents of silver
- 168: Whose Babylonian home was called Kingi
- 169: That Tiglath pileser went up against Damascus
- 170: As to terrify Mitinti of Askelon into madness
- 171: In the eponymy of Assur halsani
- 172: Shalmaneser threw Hoshea into prison
- 173: As Shalman spoiled Beth arbel in the day of battle
- 174: But Sargon says that he was Tartan
- 175: Whilst Hanon of Gaza was made prisoner
- 176: The receipt of tribute from Pir'u king of Musuru
- 177: His operations against Merodach baladan
- 178: Merodach baladan fled and took refuge in Nagitu
- 179: And the tribute of my overlordship I imposed upon him
- 180: Sennacherib came and took all the fenced cities of Judah
- 181: Carried away Bel ibni prisoner
- 182: And set on the throne Nergal usezib
- 183: 25 years Sin ahe eriba had ruled the kingdom of Assyria
- 184: That Adrammelech was the culprit
- 185: Menasseh king of the city of Judah
- 186: Whose subjection brought about that of Yakinlu
- 187: 10 Asnapper better Asenappar
- 188: Of the Babylonians and Assyrians
- 189: And retained by Sin sarra iskun
- 190: The result being that Nabopolassar
- 191: Nebuchadnezzar was then at Riblah
- 192: And seven of the name of Balat su occur
- 193: Which was carved by order of Nebuchadnezzar
- 194: And the great temple tower dedicated to Nebo at Borsippa
- 195: Was the mother of Labynetus Book I
- 196: He is called simply son of Bel sum iskun
- 197: Of which the city of Agad or Agade was the capital
- 198: Nabonidus was either the most intelligent
- 199: Governor of the land of Gutium
- 200: On the night of the 11th of Marcheswan
- 201: He caused him to take the road to Tindir
- 202: And the gods of Sumer and Akkad
- 203: Cambyses becoming king of Babylon
- 204: Shrines which Gomates the Magian
- 205: The ruler intended being in all probability Darius Nothus
- 206: Artaxerxes died in the year 425 B
- 207: And Pap sukal bespeak his destruction
- 208: Has given to the temple E babbara
- 209: Witnesses Nabu na'id Nabonidus
- 210: ' If Abi nadib and Nabu sabit qata prove this
- 211: To all appearance prince Neriglissar was a very busy man
- 212: ' Nergal sarra usur said to Nabu sum ukin
- 213: An instance of this is Bel ahe iddina
- 214: Nabonidus had granted to Belshazzar
- 215: Borrowed 35 shekels of silver from Nabu sabit qata
- 216: In the presence of Bel sarra bullit
- 217: Naturally the tablets do not reveal to us all this
- 218: Remat was evidently the writer's wife
- 219: Nabu sum lisir with Nabu sar ilani
- 220: Idihi ili shall pay to Sarru kinu 1 mana of silver
- 221: By the authority of Abil Addu nathanu
- 222: King of Babylon 'Abil Addu nathan
- 223: Or over anything of Abil Addu nathanu
- 224: Has cheerfully sold Nanaa ittia
- 225: Which Marduk nasir abli gave to his wife Amat Bau
- 226: With the charioteers of Bel abla iddina
- 227: The Gemariah mentioned above was witness
- 228: The Babylonians began to see their fondest hopes realized
- 229: As for the daughter of Larancha
- 230: Bel Merodach and Beltis Zer panitum
- 231: And the Seleucidae gave way to the Arsacidae
- 232: The sustenance of Itti Marduk balatu
- 233: The remainder is very mutilated
- 234: And represents Hammurabi standing
- 235: 155 who made supreme the temple E babbara
- 236: Whose prayer 170 Addu 171 has heard
- 237: If that lawsuit be a lawsuit of life
- 238: If a man has exercised brigandage
- 239: And tax payer he 183 shall not sell for silver
- 240: Or tax payer may return to his field
- 241: 60 gur of wheat for every 10 gan
- 242: If an agent has advanced silver to a commissioner
- 243: In the house of the distrainer
- 244: He shall bring forward his deficiency
- 245: He shall give her one mana of silver for the repudiation
- 246: And he set his face to take a concubine
- 247: The father shall not cut off his son from sonhood
- 248: The father shall cut his son off from the sonhood
- 249: Priestess of Merodach of Babylon
- 250: He shall pay one mana of silver
- 251: He shall pay five shekels of silver
- 252: He shall give him 6 gur of wheat yearly
- 253: He shall give him 8 gur of wheat yearly
- 254: He shall give 180 qa of wheat daily
- 255: The gods of the entrance of E sagila
- 256: To whom Samas has given these enactments
- 257: The eldest son of the temple E kura
- 258: This law may be compared with Lev
- 259: And the penalty is death in both codes
- 260: By ten shekels one sixth of a mana more
- 261: 30 Cast out the bondwoman and her son
- 262: U hu kam esirti do
- 263: Of the god Merodach clothed in his majestic glory
- 264: Recalling the gods who aided Tiamtu
- 265: But one might connect therewith the appearance of Tiamtu
- 266: Delitzsch adds a few more instances
- 267: To these may be added Ya'kub ilu
- 268: Winckler translates soldier and slinger
- 269: And the Hittite king Hattusil was found
- 270: The Aramaic Papyri From Elephantine
- 271: Saying 'The temple which is in Yeb
- 272: Bagoas penetrated into the temple
- 273: This Ostan or Ostanes would be brother of 'Ahani
- 274: But to Kingu and his followers
- 275: Ut napistim is a possible reading see below
- 276: For further information about the name Gilgames
- 277: That Kingi Ura corresponds with the whole tract
- 278: Who was lord of Marad Merodach's city was Babylon
- 279: Likewise a few Sumero Akkadian texts after 2300 B
- 280: Schor reads Ammi titana sarrum
- 281: Sometimes shortened to Appani ili
- 282: Knudtzon reads as Belit Ba'lat Ur Mah Mes
- 283: The national god of the Moabites
- 284: Nabopolassar could not give details
- 285: Arad Mede may also be read Arad Gula
- 286: Amelu pulite puppe u epsetam sa kima usurtu amelu Yawannu
- 287: Warns Pir napistim of the coming of the Flood
- 288: One of the weapons of Merodach
- 289: The city of the temple of Ninip
- 290: 67Ansar and the revolt of Tiamtu
- 291: Its building and provisionment
- 292: 392Assur aha iddina Esarhaddon
- 293: Majority of inscriptions Semitic
- 294: Agent of Nabonidus and Belshazzar
- 295: 207Birs Nimroud Tower of Nimrod
- 296: Or Kudur lahgumal of the inscriptions
- 297: Subjugates Babylonia and enters the capital
- 298: 278Deities of west Asian origin
- 299: Babylonia at the period of the
- 300: 285E babbara the temple at Sippar
- 301: See E sagilaE sagila E saggil
- 302: Pir napistim dreads its coming
- 303: Whose brother drove him from the gate
- 304: The benefits he had conferred on the cities of Babylonia
- 305: Sennacherib's expedition to Egypt
- 306: Gilgames and Ea bani seek his domain
- 307: 254Inaction of the Egyptian king
- 308: Her search for Tammuz in Hades
- 309: 147Kadasman harbe or Kadasman Murus
- 310: 297Landed property acquired by Neriglissar
- 311: The king's daughter to Queen Assu raaitu
- 312: The gods' champion against Tiamtu
- 313: 127Musezib Marduk of Babylonia
- 314: The father or ancestor of Nabonidus
- 315: The daughter of Niffer laments
- 316: 114Ninip identified with Merodach
- 317: 361Pilot or boatman of Gilgames
- 318: Old lamentation referring to the
- 319: 363Ra seqenen Seqenen Re III
- 320: 336Saosduchinos Samas sum ukin
- 321: His analysis of a Hittite name
- 322: Pir napistim commanded to build one to escape the Flood
- 323: Publishes the Babylonian Creation story
- 324: See Suba'Sum Addu Samu Addu of Sam huna
- 325: The first wife of Amenophis III
- 326: See TudhulaTidalum Tidnu Amurru
- 327: 188Trade between Canaan and Babylonia
- 328: Accompanies Gilgames to see Pir napistim
- 329: Conductor of the Wolfe expedition
- 330: 542Yidia of Askelon to the king of Egypt
- 331: Sumu hammu apparently for Sumu hammu
- 332: And Samsu iluna 35 total
- 333: May refer to the Elamite expedition to the West
- 334: The district known as Hani galbat was
- 335: And Misr are all forms of the same name
- 336: 12 Assar probably Asari p
- 337: 149 The temple tower of Niffur
- 338: 158 The temple of the sun at Larsa Ellasar
- 339: This applies to laws 203 205 as well
- 340: 265 Winckler put an end to battles
- 341: 285 Scheil and Winckler sickle crescent
- 342: 320 Possibly companions Sachau
