A
PRACTICAL ENQUIRY
INTO
THE PHILOSOPHY
OF
EDUCATION.
BY JAMES GALL,
INVENTOR OF THE TRIANGULAR ALPHABET FOR THE BLIND; AND AUTHOR OF THE "END AND ESSENCE OF SABBATH SCHOOL TEACHING," &c.
"_The Works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein._"--PSAL. cxi. 2.
EDINBURGH: JAMES GALL & SON, 24, NIDDRY STREET. LONDON: HOULSTON & STONEMAN, 65, PATERNOSTER-ROW. GLASGOW; GEORGE GALLIE. BELFAST: WILLIAM M'COMB.
MDCCCXL
Printed by J. Gall & Son. 22, Niddry Street.
PREFACE.
The Author of the following pages is a plain man, who has endeavoured to write a plain book, for the purpose of being popularly useful. The philosophical form which his enquiries have assumed, is the result rather of accidental circumstances than of free choice. The strong desire which he felt in his earlier years to benefit the Young, induced him to push forward in the paths which appeared to him most likely to lead to his object; and it was not till he had advanced far into the fields of philosophy, that he first began dimly to perceive the importance of the ground which he had unwittingly occupied. The truth is, that he had laboured many years in the Sabbath Schools with which he had connected himself, before he was aware that, in his combat with ignorance, he was wielding weapons that were comparatively new; and it was still longer, before he very clearly understood the principles of those Exercises which he found so successful. One investigation led to another; light shone out as he proceeded; and he now submits, with full confidence in the truth of his general principles and deductions, the results of more than thirty years' experience and reflection in the great cause of Education.
He has only further to observe, that the term "NATURE," which occurs so frequently, has been adopted as a convenient and popular mode of expression. None of his readers needs to be informed, that this is but another manner of designating "THE GOD OF NATURE," whose laws, as established in the young mind, he has been endeavouring humbly, and perseveringly to imitate.
_Myrtle Bank, Trinity, Edinburgh, 8th May, 1840._
CONTENTS
PART I.
ON THE PRELIMINARY OBJECTS NECESSARY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF EDUCATION.
CHAP. I. Page
On the Importance of establishing the Science of Education on a solid Foundation, 13
CHAP. II.
On the Cultivation of Education as a Science, 16
CHAP. III.
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A Practical Enquiry into the Philosophy of Educati
- 2: On Nature's Method of applying Knowledge
- 3: Into Schools already established
- 4: The Educationist must be willing to abandon error
- 5: On the Cultivation of Education as a Science
- 6: The inductive philosophy takes nothing for granted
- 7: The excitement of religious persecution
- 8: The surgeon and the dentist follow the same course
- 9: A zealous adherence to them becomes sinful and dangerous
- 10: If they persevere in a blind opposition
- 11: He is careful of his machinery
- 12: In every successive stage of his operations
- 13: If once satisfactorily ascertained
- 14: Almost always proceeds upwards
- 15: Follow her leadings and imitate her operations
- 16: And crown him ultimately with similar success
- 17: And stimulates them to apply it
- 18: As soon as an infant can distinguish objects
- 19: And the acquisition of knowledge were necessary
- 20: But by endeavouring to imitate her
- 21: And each of them has been reiterated
- 22: To the reiteration of the several ideas presented to it
- 23: And to reiterate the ideas communicated to him
- 24: And therefore with undeviating success
- 25: We shall denominate Reiteration
- 26: Or is reiterated again to itself
- 27: Than by this act of reiteration
- 28: Reiterated the words to themselves
- 29: Which we have called reiteration
- 30: But as the individual cannot reiterate
- 31: The infant is adding to its knowledge
- 32: Every thing is new to the infant
- 33: Nor the mind to reiterate the ideas which they suggest
- 34: Or associating objects together
- 35: But if his attention be called from the group
- 36: But the imperative injunction here supposed
- 37: The neglect of this natural principle of grouping letters
- 38: By previously observing the varied arrangement of the spars
- 39: But the principle of Classification
- 40: This principle of classification
- 41: But the intermediate and minor events
- 42: In connection with each of these subdivisions
- 43: Have received merely the outline
- 44: The nurseryman follows this plan with his trees
- 45: The acquisition of knowledge by them
- 46: It invariably turns towards the light
- 47: These are instances of the application of knowledge
- 48: When any missile is thrown at us
- 49: The savage finds the wigwam more convenient
- 50: The application of the inference
- 51: The knowledge from which the inference was drawn
- 52: In reference to education and the application of knowledge
- 53: But when it reproves and punishes
- 54: The whole phenomena of the natural conscience shew
- 55: Before the executive powers will reprove
- 56: Or in reproving and punishing him if he committed it
- 57: The conscience will be proportionally weakened
- 58: 'Go not in the way of the ungodly
- 59: As connected with the moral sense
- 60: These facts and inferences too
- 61: And would infer the absurd proposition
- 62: Not for the sole benefit of the individual
- 63: As Demosthenes confessedly was
- 64: They are promoting their mental
- 65: This faculty of extemporaneous speaking is cultivated
- 66: Must be acquired even in the adult
- 67: Belongs to another department of this Treatise
- 68: Will for ever remain unchanged and unchangeable
- 69: A practical application of that lesson
- 70: Has been rigorously and repeatedly tested
- 71: There is neither mental exercise
- 72: Without the catechetical exercise
- 73: In pursuing the catechetical exercise
- 74: And the catechetical exercise is not now
- 75: When the catechetical exercise is conducted in its purity
- 76: The due cultivation of the mind
- 77: By means of the catechetical exercise
- 78: Without knowing the reason of these enquiries
- 79: And with a few minutes' catechising
- 80: The reiteration in the mind of the powers of numbers
- 81: As consisting in the reiteration of ideas
- 82: Another point of analogy consists
- 83: The evil of repletion is two fold
- 84: When these stimulants are habitually
- 85: This act of reiteration may be secured
- 86: And by reiterating the ideas themselves
- 87: And does not indulge in catechetical wanderings
- 88: They may catechise upon any book
- 89: In an experiment made in May 1828
- 90: Mr Gall has made up his class of ten
- 91: They were then examined on the Old Testament History
- 92: Besides the catechetical exercise
- 93: There is no distraction of mind no confusion of ideas
- 94: In teaching the alphabet to children
- 95: As in the Classified Alphabet
- 96: The difficulty of decyphering the words
- 97: Have read a second nineteen verses
- 98: And a large assembly of the inhabitants of Dumfries
- 99: Is not only laborious and unnecessary
- 100: Be individually familiar to the pupil
- 101: We say an abridgement or first step
- 102: Or being conveyed in a palanquin
- 103: He may silently drop all that he cannot easily reiterate
- 104: More ideas are forced upon the mind than it can reiterate
- 105: A large portion of Old Testament history
- 106: The idea of a regular analytical table of the history
- 107: And to form a second branch in this analytical table
- 108: By the experiment made at Aberdeen
- 109: But the experiment conducted in Newry
- 110: Its contraction pulled the sinew at the other
- 111: By which the sinew of the muscle
- 112: The circumstances of the Newry experiment
- 113: To neglect these preliminary points
- 114: In our enquiries into Nature's method of applying knowledge
- 115: The application of these lessons
- 116: Been reading a treatise on the power of the lever
- 117: Such as Cain hated his brother
- 118: Will lead the pupil to reflection
- 119: There is always a negative lesson implied
- 120: The lessons which it is calculated to teach
- 121: And the Professors and Clergymen in that place
- 122: Dr Russell now Bishop Russell
- 123: Mr Gall accordingly repeated the announcement again
- 124: And the unrighteous man his thoughts
- 125: 'Jesus attended the passover when he was twelve years of age
- 126: Are productive of the most beneficial results
- 127: And experience has uniformly demonstrated
- 128: While the heart is peculiarly sensitive
- 129: For if these qualifications be awanting
- 130: Or in deterring from wickedness
- 131: We are no more for abandoning secular rewards
- 132: Be no temptation to stifle conscience
- 133: Of refraining to commend a child
- 134: And especially Scripture knowledge
- 135: The apostle Paul follows a similar plan
- 136: Without the application of the lesson
- 137: Being once rescued from captivity by Abraham
- 138: But where the people are wicked and ungodly
- 139: Render the atmosphere unwholesome
- 140: Mr Gall then produced a little narrative tract
- 141: Every leading circumstance in Scripture
- 142: Otherwise possessing great abilities
- 143: And then to require the child to rehearse it again
- 144: Inserting them regularly and grammatically
- 145: And upon precisely the same principle
- 146: By the use of the paraphrastic exercise
- 147: Whether employed synthetically or analytically
- 148: The Analysis of Prayer is usually employed
- 149: Nearly all the Clergymen of the place were present
- 150: There were exhibited by the children
- 151: We chuse those which appear to us the most necessary
- 152: Not to chastise his offspring for his own pleasure
- 153: Of their destination in eternity
- 154: And the intellectual power it attains
- 155: Must be proportionally disastrous
- 156: To the prosperity and welfare of the community in general
- 157: Next in importance as branches of education
- 158: As to the nature of Arithmetic
- 159: It requires but little teaching
- 160: The efficiency of this concluding part of grammar
- 161: The monitor is to announce a sentence
- 162: On this they ought to be catechised in school
- 163: The introduction of the Arithmetic Rod
- 164: Are usually the most fluent extemporaneous speakers
- 165: And catechise again upon the whole
- 166: Sometimes in connection with the Verbal Exercise
- 167: But this habit of Catechetical Wandering
- 168: Joseph was unjustly put into confinement
- 169: Pharoah was displeased with the magicians
- 170: Saul was removed to make room for David
- 171: Punish even the least transgression
- 172: From God giving Rebekah as our example
- 173: Multiplication with the exception mentioned above
- 174: But expertness in arithmetical calculations
- 175: Acquired at their several seminaries
- 176: That the natural and proper reward for moral actions
- 177: And consisted in what is known in certain seminaries
- 178: But experience will soon convince practical men
