By Henry D. Sedgwick
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A SHORT HISTORY OF ITALY
[Illustration: Map of Italy]
A SHORT HISTORY OF ITALY (476-1900)
BY HENRY DWIGHT SEDGWICK
[Illustration]
BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY The Riverside Press, Cambridge
COPYRIGHT 1905 BY HENRY DWIGHT SEDGWICK ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
_Published November 1905_
TO
H. D. S., C. D. S., R. M. S., W. E. S., A. C. S., F. M. S., and T. S.
_O passi graviora ... ... forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit._
PREFACE
This volume is a mere sketch in outline; it makes no pretence to original investigation, or even to an extended examination of the voluminous literature which deals with every part of its subject. It is an attempt to give a correct impression of Italian history as a whole, and employs details only here and there, and then merely for the sake of giving greater clearness to the general outline. So brief a narrative is mainly a work of selection; and perhaps no two persons would agree upon what to put in and what to leave out. I have laid emphasis upon the matters of greatest general interest, the Papacy, the Renaissance, and the Risorgimento; and my special object has been to put in high relief those achievements which make Italy so charming and so interesting to the world, and to give what space was possible to the great men to whom these achievements are due.
H. D. S. NEW YORK, October 1, 1905.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. THE FALL OF THE EMPIRE IN THE WEST (476 A. D.) 1
II. THE OSTROGOTHS (489-553) 12
III. THE LOMBARD INVASION (568) 23
IV. THE CHURCH (568-700) 31
V. THE COMING OF THE FRANKS (726-768) 40
VI. CHARLEMAGNE (768-814) 49
VII. FROM CHARLEMAGNE TO NICHOLAS I (814-867) 57
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A Short History of Italy by Henry Dwight Sedgwick
- 2: Francis 1182 1226 125 xiv
- 3: In the year 476 an unfortunate young man
- 4: The Barbarian elders admired Roman civilization
- 5: The general who deposed Romulus Augustulus
- 6: The patriarchs of Constantinople
- 7: It was an easy matter to defeat the unstable Odoacer
- 8: There was friction between Papal and Imperial authority
- 9: Of these senators the most famous was Boethius
- 10: And the reconquest would have been complete
- 11: The Franks come in and dispossess the Lombards
- 12: For many of them had served as mercenaries under Narses
- 13: These two were independent duchies
- 14: Had Italy become a Lombard kingdom
- 15: And afterwards the famous abbey on Monte Cassino
- 16: Columbanus 543 615 among the Franks
- 17: It might be supposed that the Papacy
- 18: Which expelled every image breaker from the Church 731
- 19: He anointed and crowned Pippin
- 20: Charlemagne married the daughter of Desiderius 770
- 21: Having disposed of the Lombards
- 22: Accustomed to Frankish usages and ideas
- 23: Everybody looked to Charlemagne
- 24: In theory Papacy and Empire were co equal powers
- 25: But whoever represented the laymen
- 26: In spite of the decadence of the Papacy
- 27: Known as the Isidorian Decretals
- 28: A certain Pope Formosus 891 896
- 29: Who read this History of our Bishopric
- 30: Southern Italy continued to suffer from Saracen marauders
- 31: For if the Papacy was powerless
- 32: In ten years Alberic died leaving a young son
- 33: But was composed of several dukedoms
- 34: The Papacy was far more stable
- 35: With other priests and deacons
- 36: The article against simony nobody openly gainsaid
- 37: Hildebrand resolved to dispossess them all
- 38: The Papacy declared its own supremacy
- 39: Gave fresh causes of quarrel between Papacy and Empire
- 40: Gregory would excommunicate him
- 41: And came to the fortress of Canossa
- 42: Represented by the Lombard cities
- 43: And Venice finally crippled Genoa
- 44: Como and Lodi complained of Milan
- 45: So he convoked a diet on the plain of Roncaglia
- 46: The Augustus Caesar of the Papacy
- 47: The great antagonist of Frederick Barbarossa
- 48: Zara was attacked and taken 1202
- 49: Otto was driven into private life
- 50: As badly honeycombed with heretics as Languedoc had been
- 51: The leader of a small band of Umbrian pilgrims from Assisi
- 52: Perugia rejoiced in the opportunity
- 53: The daughter of a nobleman of Assisi
- 54: While the Orsini and others were Guelf
- 55: The gentle Honorius remonstrated
- 56: They say that the Roman Curia is the Church
- 57: Enzio spent twenty three years in prison and there died
- 58: All Guelf Italy was at his feet
- 59: But for the time Boniface was triumphant
- 60: Charged Boniface with all sorts of misbehaviour
- 61: Here the Papacy stayed for nearly seventy years
- 62: The Ghibellines welcomed him with boundless enthusiasm
- 63: And wished to be Emperor of Guelf and Ghibelline alike
- 64: He fell back upon Ghibelline Pisa
- 65: Who regretted the Hohenstaufens
- 66: In the hope of avoiding local partisanship
- 67: These Florentine merchants imported raw wool from Tunis
- 68: These factions called themselves Guelfs and Ghibellines
- 69: A certain Humbert of the White Hand
- 70: These Flagellants were like a primitive Salvation Army
- 71: Aquinas lectured at various universities
- 72: Were natural to a period of transition
- 73: The poetic primacy passed to Bologna
- 74: Niccolo also worked at Bologna
- 75: Yet Cimabue had a sense of the coming change
- 76: The kingdom of Sicily under the House of Aragon
- 77: A rich and prosperous Guelf city
- 78: When Mastino rode forth all Verona rushed to the windows
- 79: The ambition of the Visconti to take Pisa alarmed Florence
- 80: The mediaeval epoch of Hildebrand and Innocent III
- 81: Petrarch received the crown of laurel
- 82: Cola wrote to the Florentines September
- 83: So they too preferred hired soldiers to a native militia
- 84: Bernabo was addicted to the chase
- 85: Bernabo protested himself devout
- 86: Other troubles besides schism had begun to appear
- 87: Better known as Attendolo Sforza strength
- 88: Brought her into hostility with Padua
- 89: For which Gian Galeazzo Visconti 1378 1402
- 90: Thus the dukedom was carved up
- 91: Known as the Early Renaissance
- 92: And Benozzo Gozzoli in his private chapel
- 93: Brunelleschi was chosen architect
- 94: Which Brunelleschi had designed
- 95: Masaccio 1401 28 stands conspicuous
- 96: And Cosimo founded a Platonic Academy
- 97: The Primavera Spring and The Birth of Venus
- 98: Lorenzo was the most remarkable prince of the quattrocento
- 99: Parentucelli was a very capable and attractive man
- 100: On the death of Francesco Sforza 1466
- 101: Inherited from both the Sforzas and Visconti
- 102: That Savonarola was hailed as a prophet
- 103: Fra Girolamo preached in Santa Maria del Fiore the Duomo
- 104: And on Ferdinand's death 1516 descended to his grandson
- 105: The Papacy deserves a chapter to itself
- 106: But the Curia perceived the opposite difficulties
- 107: Sixtus met the difficulty by employing his nephews
- 108: And nepotism involved prodigality and dissipation
- 109: Leo excommunicated Luther 1520
- 110: The merrymaking was doomed to cease
- 111: It produced the greatest men in literature since Petrarch
- 112: Under the title Orlando Furioso Roland Crazed
- 113: Bramante became the papal architect
- 114: Giuliano da San Gallo from Florence
- 115: 'It is the Laocoon of which Pliny speaks
- 116: But Duke Emanuele Filiberto 1553 80
- 117: And Caraffa put at its head 1542
- 118: And gave the Papacy wide reaching moral support
- 119: CHAPTER XXXTHE CINQUECENTO 16TH CENTURY The Cinquecento
- 120: And Vignola was one of the masters of this new art
- 121: In his statues in the Medicean chapel at Florence
- 122: And Leopardi in particular profited greatly by them
- 123: Bearing the somewhat ambitious motto Aut Caesar aut nihil
- 124: Cellini exhibits a perfectly unmoral disposition
- 125: Spent several months in Italy 1580 81
- 126: From Vicenza they journeyed by a broad straight road
- 127: At BOLOGNA in the Papal States
- 128: Montaigne rode southward toSIENA
- 129: Another book belonging to Montaigne
- 130: Then back to Lucca for more baths
- 131: This declaration of papal authority
- 132: And actually conquered the Morea
- 133: Sardinia was exchanged for Sicily
- 134: And Piedmont little by little came to feel
- 135: During the pontificate of Barberini
- 136: Campanella was persecuted and punished
- 137: Was the master spirit of the best Baroque
- 138: And presented Goldoni with two documents
- 139: In the same year as the performance in the Pitti Palace
- 140: We must recall the sweet sentiment in Metastasio
- 141: In Lombardy the House of Austria really plunged into reform
- 142: Half philanthropically inclined
- 143: The Dukes of Parma received Lucca until her death
- 144: Of an honourable Milanese family
- 145: Maroncelli had a tumour on his leg
- 146: Rose and found Count Pietro Gamba in my apartments
- 147: I Promessi Sposi The Plighted Lovers
- 148: Leopardi raised Italian self respect
- 149: Mazzini was a master conspirator
- 150: In the papal cities was squalor
- 151: Revolt spread through Lombardy
- 152: Radetzky received reinforcements
- 153: Reinforced by Garibaldi and his Legion
- 154: Among them was Baron Carlo Poerio
- 155: The Crimean War gave Cavour an opportunity
- 156: And Napoleon transferred it to Piedmont
- 157: Francesco Crispi and Rosalino Pilo
- 158: Regular troops met Garibaldi at Aspromonte
- 159: On November 7 Victor Emmanuel entered the city
- 160: Pius IX refused to accept the subsidy
- 161: Depretis abolished an unpopular tax on grinding corn
- 162: And contented herself with a strip of coast by Massawa
- 163: Suprema Leonis Vota Expleat o clemens anxia vota Deus
- 164: One among the citizens of Heaven I may enjoy Thy Light
- 165: A Short History of Italy by Henry Dwight Sedgwick
- 166: A Short History of Italy by Henry Dwight Sedgwick
- 167: A Short History of Italy by Henry Dwight Sedgwick
- 168: A Short History of Italy by Henry Dwight Sedgwick
- 169: A Short History of Italy by Henry Dwight Sedgwick
- 170: 7 Ferdinand and his successors took the title Emperor Elect
- 171: Became House of Spain
- 172: When separate in the side columns respectively
- 173: Catholic Reaction John Addington Symonds
- 174: Swears allegiance to Innocent III
- 175: Believed to have murdered his brother
- 176: A Short History of Italy by Henry Dwight Sedgwick
- 177: Marries daughter to Alessandro dei Medici
- 178: Invectives against Roman Curia
- 179: A Short History of Italy by Henry Dwight Sedgwick
- 180: Denunciation of simony and lay investiture
- 181: On fortunes of Can Grande and the Visconti
- 182: Condition under mercenary soldiers
- 183: Lombardi architects and sculptors
- 184: Conquered by Alfonso of Aragon
- 185: Struggle with Empire over investitures
- 186: Invectives against Roman Curia
- 187: Left alone to maintain Italian cause
- 188: Its revival by Pope Leo and Charlemagne
- 189: Account of discovery of Laocoon
- 190: Expedition of Garibaldi and Mille
- 191: Conquer parts of Venetian Empire
- 192: Barbarossa and Alexander III at