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[Illustration: THE VISCERA IN POSITION.]
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A
TREATISE
ON
PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE
FOR
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND GENERAL READERS.
_FULLY ILLUSTRATED._
BY
JOSEPH C. HUTCHISON, M. D.,
_President of the New York Pathological Society, Vice-President of the New York Academy of Medicine, Surgeon to the Brooklyn City Hospital, late President of the Medical Society of the State of New York, etc._
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NEW YORK:
CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS,
5 BARCLAY STREET.
1872.
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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, By CLARK & MAYNARD. In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
Stereotyped by LITTLE, RENNIE & CO. 645 and 647 Broadway.
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TO MY WIFE,
WHOSE SYMPATHY HAS, FOR MORE THAN TWENTY YEARS, LIGHTENED THE CARES INCIDENT TO
_AN ACTIVE PROFESSIONAL LIFE_,
THIS HUMBLE VOLUME
IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED.
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{3}
PREFACE.
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This work is designed to present the leading facts and principles of human Physiology and Hygiene in clear and concise language, so that pupils in schools and colleges, and readers not familiar with the subjects, may readily comprehend them. Anatomy, or a description of the structure of an organ, is of course necessary to the understanding of its Physiology, or its uses. Enough of the former study has, therefore, been introduced, to enable the pupil to enter intelligently upon the latter.
Familiar language, as far as practicable, has been employed, rather than that of a technical character. With a view, however, to supply what might seem to some a deficiency in this regard, a Pronouncing Glossary has been added, which will enable the inquirer to understand the meaning of many scientific terms not in common use.
In the preparation of the work the writer has carefully examined all the best material at his command, and freely used it; the special object being to have it abreast of the present knowledge on the subjects treated, as far as such is possible in a work so elementary as this. The discussion of disputed points has been avoided, it being manifestly inappropriate in a work of this kind.
Instruction in the rudiments of Physiology in schools does not necessitate the general practice of dissections, or of experiments upon animals. The most important subjects may be illustrated by {4} drawings, such as are contained in this work. Models, especially those constructed by AUZOUX of Paris, dried preparations of the human body, and the organs of the lower animals, may also be used with advantage.
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene by Hutchison
- 2: A skilful microscopist and physician
- 3: Or the organ of Hearing The External
- 4: Appliance for strengthening the muscles
- 5: We have a Vegetable Physiology
- 6: By placing a bone into a dilute acid
- 7: The ligaments of the movable joints
- 8: Diminishes the thickness of the cartilages
- 9: If the madder be discontinued for a few days
- 10: As the voluntary and involuntary muscles
- 11: What are the tendons or sinews
- 12: Complaint in relation to degeneracy
- 13: Of violent and spasmodic efforts
- 14: Gymnastic exercises for schools and colleges
- 15: Or with spines that are the subject of lateral curvature
- 16: Grasp the pulley behind with the right hand
- 17: Consequences of insufficient sleep
- 18: How does judicious exercise affect the muscles
- 19: Location and office of the cutis
- 20: In the deeper cells of the cuticle lies a pigment
- 21: Service performed by sebaceous matter
- 22: Effect of interruption of excretion
- 23: Ablution should be more frequently practised
- 24: They passed directly from the Thermae into the gymnasium
- 25: What can you state of poisonous cosmetics
- 26: And ligaments are more than half water
- 27: Chief ingredient of the bones and teeth
- 28: Namely the Albuminoid substances
- 29: This is due to their property of emulsifying
- 30: And more so than any other of the saccharine group
- 31: Unripe fruits have much starch in them
- 32: What further is stated of other inorganic substances
- 33: The quantity of food required varies greatly
- 34: It is recorded of Louis Cornaro
- 35: Different articles of diet milk
- 36: Coagulates the exterior layers of albumen
- 37: Unleavened bread requires much more mastication
- 38: The amount of solid nutriment they contain is
- 39: Are highly charged with mineral substances
- 40: Having its favorite alcoholic drink
- 41: The beverages produced by fermentation
- 42: Describe the physiological action of alcohol
- 43: Suitable for absorption into the blood
- 44: Describe the process of mastication
- 45: While behind them are the molars
- 46: But chiefly by the salivary glands
- 47: The saliva being largely the medium of the sense of taste
- 48: Quantity of gastric juice used
- 49: Called the peristaltic movements
- 50: The presence of food in the intestines
- 51: Absorption is also effected by the lacteals
- 52: Circumstances affecting digestion
- 53: What do you understand by insalivation
- 54: Illustration CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD
- 55: That float in the watery plasma
- 56: If coagulation were impossible
- 57: Was so far revived by transfusion
- 58: An auricle and a ventricle on the same side
- 59: The pure and bright arterial blood enters the left auricle
- 60: Each ventricle has two openings
- 61: General location of the arteries
- 62: The veins resemble the arteries
- 63: The capillaries were not discovered until 1661
- 64: The capillaries of the extremities
- 65: What do you understand by the operation called transfusion
- 66: What service do the capillaries perform
- 67: The pleura secretes its own lubricating fluid
- 68: An affection of the trachea takes place
- 69: Respiration controlled by the will
- 70: Known to the chemist as oxygen and nitrogen
- 71: Gains oxygen and loses carbonic acid
- 72: Difference between arterial and venous blood
- 73: By breathing through a cotton wool respirator
- 74: Carbonic acid in volcanic regions
- 75: In crowded and badly ventilated apartments
- 76: Imperfect ventilation of our dwellings
- 77: Arrangement made by zoologists
- 78: State what is said of spontaneous combustion
- 79: What is the object of respiration
- 80: Animal and Vegetative Functions Sensation
- 81: Called the cerebro spinal system Fig
- 82: Is less than one eighth of the cerebrum
- 83: Fibres collect together to form the medulla oblongata Fig
- 84: Which connect the ganglia together
- 85: A sensory and motor function
- 86: The point from which the sensory fibres arise
- 87: A form of paralysis which is called paraplegia
- 88: A decapitated centipede will run rapidly forward
- 89: Convulsions which follow decapitation
- 90: Result of healthful reflex activity
- 91: The functions of the medulla oblongata
- 92: Near the origin of the pneumogastric nerve
- 93: What do we know of the cerebrum and its powers
- 94: The reflex power of the medulla
- 95: What are the functions of the medulla oblongata
- 96: Sensations are modified by use
- 97: Is supplied by the sensory cranial nerves
- 98: What does Magendie say of the relation of pain to pleasure
- 99: Yet the cuticle is essential to the sensation of touch
- 100: When he taught that man is the wisest of animals
- 101: Delicacy of touch is most remarkable
- 102: Through the medium of these papillae
- 103: Supplied by the glosso pharyngeal nerve
- 104: Is more properly an astringent feeling
- 105: Section of the right nasal cavity
- 106: Invisible and gaseous particles
- 107: The undulatory theory of light
- 108: The two nerves constituting the pair of nerves
- 109: The location of the lachrymal gland
- 110: By which the tears enter the nasal duct
- 111: The Sclerotic from scleros
- 112: That it has received the name belladonna
- 113: What part does the retina constitute
- 114: Duration of impressions upon the retina
- 115: How are figures painted upon the retina
- 116: Formed in the interior of the eye in front of the retina
- 117: The lens is flatter and its curvature diminished see Fig
- 118: Sound cannot be produced in a vacuum
- 119: Stiff hairs garnish the margin of the auditory canal
- 120: One end of the chain of ossicles
- 121: Primary use of the Eustachian tube
- 122: In the cochlea or snail's shell
- 123: And afterward removed by syringing the ear as just mentioned
- 124: The crystalline lens 209
- 125: Section of the larynx and trachea
- 126: The epiglottis appears uppermost
- 127: The larynx nearly doubles its size in a single year
- 128: How are the ventriloquous sounds produced
- 129: Kind of lenses used in microscopes
- 130: Or the instrument which bears the lenses
- 131: These are essential to all microscopical study
- 132: The examination with solution of iodine
- 133: The tissues of the inferior animals
- 134: Such as gum water or flaxseed tea
- 135: Nitrate of potassa saltpetre
- 136: In poisoning by nux vomica or strychnine
- 137: Removing the pressure immediately
- 138: A class of proximate principles resembling albumen
- 139: The two first divisions or branches of the trachea
- 140: The middle tunic or coat of the eyeball
- 141: The power of gases to become intimately mingled
- 142: GLOS'SO PHAR YN GE'AL NERVE Gr
- 143: The absorbent vessels of the small intestines
- 144: Pertaining to the sense of smell
- 145: An inflammation affecting the pleura
- 146: Fibrous outer tunic of the eyeball
- 147: Resembling somewhat a stirrup in shape
- 148: 143 regulated by perspiration
- 149: 172 Cerebro spinal nervous system
- 150: 80 Circumstances affecting
- 151: 96 Lactic acid in gastric juice
- 152: 199 Organic substances as food
- 153: 56 Sclerotic coat of the eyeball
- 154: 74 exhaled with the breath
