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A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
by
George Berkeley (1685-1753)
WHEREIN THE CHIEF CAUSES OF ERROR AND DIFFICULTY IN THE SCIENCES, WITH THE GROUNDS OF SCEPTICISM, ATHEISM, AND IRRELIGION, ARE INQUIRED INTO.
DEDICATION
To the Right Honourable THOMAS, EARL OF PEMBROKE, &C., Knight of the most Noble Order of the Garter and one of the Lords of Her Majesty's most honourable privy council.
My Lord,
You will perhaps wonder that an obscure person, who has not the honour to be known to your lordship, should presume to address you in this manner. But that a man who has written something with a design to promote Useful Knowledge and Religion in the world should make choice of your lordship for his patron, will not be thought strange by any one that is not altogether unacquainted with the present state of the church and learning, and consequently ignorant how great an ornament and support you are to both. Yet, nothing could have induced me to make you this present of my poor endeavours, were I not encouraged by that candour and native goodness which is so bright a part in your lordship's character. I might add, my lord, that the extraordinary favour and bounty you have been pleased to show towards our Society gave me hopes you would not be unwilling to countenance the studies of one of its members. These considerations determined me to lay this treatise at your lordship's feet, and the rather because I was ambitious to have it known that I am with the truest and most profound respect, on account of that learning and virtue which the world so justly admires in your lordship, MY LORD, Your lordship's most humble and most devoted servant,
GEORGE BERKELEY
* * * * *
CONTENTS
PREFACE INTRODUCTION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE
* * * * *
PREFACE
What I here make public has, after a long and scrupulous inquiry, seemed to me evidently true and not unuseful to be known--particularly to those who are tainted with Scepticism, or want a demonstration of the existence and immateriality of God, or the natural immortality of the soul. Whether it be so or no I am content the reader should impartially examine; since I do not think myself any farther concerned for the success of what I have written than as it is agreeable to truth. But, to the end this may not suffer, I make it my request that the reader suspend his judgment till he has once at least read the whole through with that degree of attention and thought which the subject-matter shall seem to deserve. For, as there are some passages that, taken by themselves, are very liable (nor could it be remedied) to gross misinterpretation, and to be charged with most absurd consequences, which, nevertheless, upon an entire perusal will appear not to follow from them; so likewise, though the whole should be read over, yet, if this be done transiently, it is very probable my sense may be mistaken; but to a thinking reader, I flatter myself it will be throughout clear and obvious. As for the characters of novelty and singularity which some of the following notions may seem to bear, it is, I hope, needless to make any apology on that account. He must surely be either very weak, or very little acquainted with the sciences, who shall reject a truth that is capable of demonstration, for no other reason but because it is newly known, and contrary to the prejudices of mankind. Thus much I thought fit to premise, in order to prevent, if possible, the hasty censures of a sort of men who are too apt to condemn an opinion before they rightly comprehend it.
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Know
- 2: Those absurdities and contradictions
- 3: Proper acceptation of abstraction
- 4: But something abstracted from all these
- 5: Not of an ABSTRACT general idea
- 6: Which is NEITHER OBLIQUE NOR RECTANGLE
- 7: When I demonstrate any proposition concerning triangles
- 8: Inconsistent idea of a triangle
- 9: ONE ONLY precise and settled signification
- 10: Shown the impossibility of ABSTRACT IDEAS
- 11: And RETAIN THE ABSTRACT IDEA IN THE MIND
- 12: Smelling furnishes me with odours
- 13: So as to conceive them existing unperceived
- 14: In an unthinking substance which they call MATTER
- 15: Abstracted from all other qualities
- 16: Or other sensible quality whatsoever
- 17: This the materialists themselves acknowledge
- 18: ASSIGN ANY USE TO IT WHEN IT IS SUPPOSED TO EXIST Vide sect
- 19: Being passive and inert vide sect
- 20: Not by discovering any necessary connexion between our ideas
- 21: Of real things and ideas or chimeras
- 22: It sounds very harsh to say we eat and drink ideas
- 23: 41 of the fore mentioned treatise
- 24: Or exhibits only a finite number of parts to sense
- 25: And figure which are predicated of it
- 26: And form thereof a settled SPECULATIVE opinion
- 27: Imprinted by those objects on the mind
- 28: From what has been observed by astronomers
- 29: Precede the production of the aforesaid motions
- 30: To what purpose is that connexion
- 31: That exists without the mind or unperceived
- 32: That there is no senseless unperceived substance
- 33: That a substratum not perceived
- 34: Abstracted from spirit and idea
- 35: Consequences of the preceding tenets
- 36: Then are we involved all in scepticism
- 37: Objections of atheists overturned
- 38: When they are considered in an abstract way
- 39: May be abstracted from all other sensible qualities
- 40: In the business of gravitation or mutual attraction
- 41: And from them deduce the other phenomena
- 42: Is vulgarly taken for immovable space
- 43: However some may define relative motion
- 44: Influence mathematical reasonings
- 45: The theories therefore in Arithmetic
- 46: The infinite divisibility of finite extension
- 47: The radius must be taken of 10
- 48: Which they who hold infinitesimals of the first order
- 49: In consequence of the foregoing principles
- 50: Constitutes the signification of the term
- 51: The soul of man is naturally immortal
- 52: Presumed to stand for abstract notions
- 53: He maketh lightnings with rain
- 54: Which argues both the wisdom and goodness of God
- 55: So as to comprehend the various ends
