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A TREATISE OF HUMAN NATURE
By David Hume
CONTENTS
VOLUME I
INTRODUCTION BY THE AUTHOR.
BOOK I OF THE UNDERSTANDING
PART I OF IDEAS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION, CONNEXION, ABSTRACTION, ETC.
SECT. I OF THE ORIGIN OF OUR IDEAS. SECT. II. DIVISION OF THE SUBJECT. SECT. III. OF THE IDEAS OF THE MEMORY AND IMAGINATION. SECT. IV. OF THE CONNECTION OR ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS. SECT. V. OF RELATIONS. SECT. VI. OF MODES AND SUBSTANCES SECT. VII. OF ABSTRACT IDEAS.
PART II. OF THE IDEAS OF SPACE AND TIME.
SECT. I. OF THE INFINITE DIVISIBILITY OF OUR IDEAS OF SPACE AND TIME. SECT. II. OF THE INFINITE DIVISIBILITY OF SPACE AND TIME. SECT. III. OF THE OTHER QUALITIES OF OUR IDEA OF SPACE AND TIME. SECT. IV. OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. SECT. V. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. SECT. VI. OF THE IDEA OF EXISTENCE, AND OF EXTERNAL EXISTENCE.
PART III. OF KNOWLEDGE AND PROBABILITY.
SECT. I. OF KNOWLEDGE. SECT. II. OF PROBABILITY, AND OF THE IDEA OF CAUSE AND EFFECT. SECT. III. WHY A CAUSE IS ALWAYS NECESSARY. SECT. IV. OF THE COMPONENT PARTS OF OUR REASONINGS CONCERNING CAUSE AND EFFECT. SECT. V. OF THE IMPRESSIONS OF THE SENSES AND MEMORY. SECT. VI. OF THE INFERENCE FROM THE IMPRESSION TO THE IDEA. SECT. VII. OF THE NATURE OF THE IDEA OR BELIEF. SECT. VIII. OF THE CAUSES OF BELIEF. SECT. IX. OF THE EFFECTS OF OTHER RELATIONS AND OTHER HABITS. SECT. X. OF THE INFLUENCE OF BELIEF. SECT. XI. OF THE PROBABILITY OF CHANCES. SECT. XII. OF THE PROBABILITY OF CAUSES. SECT. XIII. OF UNPHILOSOPHICAL PROBABILITY. SECT. XIV. OF THE IDEA OF NECESSARY CONNECTION. SECT. XV. RULES BY WHICH TO JUDGE OF CAUSES AND EFFECTS. SECT. XVI OF THE REASON OF ANIMALS
PART IV. OF THE SCEPTICAL AND OTHER SYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHY.
SECT. I. OF SCEPTICISM WITH REGARD TO REASON. SECT. II. OF SCEPTICISM WITH REGARD TO THE SENSES. SECT. III. OF THE ANTIENT PHILOSOPHY. SECT. IV. OF THE MODERN PHILOSOPHY. SECT. V. OF THE IMMATERIALITY OF THE SOUL. SECT. VI. OF PERSONAL IDENTITY SECT. VII. CONCLUSION OF THIS BOOK.
VOLUME II
BOOK II OF THE PASSIONS
PART I OF PRIDE AND HUMILITY
SECT. I DIVISION OF THE SUBJECT SECT. II OF PRIDE AND HUMILITY, THEIR OBJECTS AND CAUSES SECT. III WHENCE THESE OBJECTS AND CAUSES ARE DERIVED SECT. IV OF THE RELATIONS OF IMPRESSIONS AND IDEAS SECT. V OF THE INFLUENCE OF THESE RELATIONS ON PRIDE AND HUMILITY SECT. VI LIMITATIONS OF THIS SYSTEM SECT. VII OF VICE AND VIRTUE SECT. VIII OF BEAUTY AND DEFORMITY SECT. IX OF EXTERNAL ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES SECT. X OF PROPERTY AND RICHES SECT. XI OF THE LOVE OF FAME SECT. XII OF THE PRIDE AND HUMILITY OF ANIMALS
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A Treatise of Human Nature by David Hume
- 2: Iii difficulties solved sect
- 3: Can justify this aversion to metaphysics
- 4: In these four sciences of Logic
- 5: That in collecting its experiments
- 6: But merely the perceptions themselves
- 7: Resemblance betwixt our complex impressions and ideas
- 8: There is however one contradictory phaenomenon
- 9: And as the impressions of reflexion
- 10: Of the connexion or association of ideas
- 11: Cousins in the fourth degree are connected by causation
- 12: That it always produces a connexion or association of ideas
- 13: And from the contrariety of their causes or effects
- 14: Whether abstraction implies a separation
- 15: That is possest of quantity and quality
- 16: And of an equilateral triangle
- 17: Which facilitate its operation
- 18: Thus when a globe of white marble is presented
- 19: Or an infinite number of different ideas
- 20: Which to the naked eye appear simple and uncompounded
- 21: And one argument counter ballance another
- 22: I acquire the idea of extension
- 23: Wherever we have no successive perceptions
- 24: That are not coexistent an unchangeable object
- 25: Is perfectly simple and indivisible
- 26: And the non entity of mathematical points
- 27: It is impossible it coued ever be conceived
- 28: Which are divisible in infinitum
- 29: Or by quantities divisible in infinitum
- 30: This standard is plainly imaginary
- 31: The shortest way is always the shortest
- 32: And actually establish the indivisibility of extension
- 33: I know there is no mathematician
- 34: Would be impossible and inconceivable without a vacuum
- 35: Which I coued place betwixt them
- 36: Perceives another tangible object
- 37: This phaenomenon occurs on so many occasions
- 38: This annihilation leaves to the eye
- 39: Interposed betwixt two objects
- 40: That we have the idea of a vacuum
- 41: Which are inseparably conjoined
- 42: The case is the same with contrariety
- 43: The reason why I impute any defect to geometry
- 44: These three relations are identity
- 45: We must consider the idea of causation
- 46: Which are contiguous among themselves
- 47: As affording a complete idea of causation
- 48: That proposition therefore is not intuitively certain
- 49: Excludes a fortiori the thing itself
- 50: When we infer effects from causes
- 51: Neither by the order of its complex ideas
- 52: By losing its force and vivacity
- 53: Or qualities in certain relations of success and contiguity
- 54: The only proposition concerning that relation
- 55: It is impossible it coued have this effect
- 56: Thus though causation be a philosophical relation
- 57: Conceived by a particular idea
- 58: You can only encrease or diminish its force and vivacity
- 59: That is different from a fiction
- 60: Our idea of him is evidently inlivened by the resemblance
- 61: One of the best relicks a devotee coued procure
- 62: Beside the customary transition
- 63: Objects have no discoverable connexion together
- 64: From whence are the qualities of force and vivacity derived
- 65: The two relations of resemblance and contiguity
- 66: It still encreases by experience and observation
- 67: That in drawing an inference from the sight
- 68: This latter connexion is generally much over rated
- 69: But coued never possibly of itself produce belief
- 70: By the frequent repetition of their lies
- 71: Impressions always actuate the soul
- 72: It bestows a force and vivacity on the others
- 73: As well as betwixt the judgment and passion
- 74: Which fictions receive from poetry and eloquence
- 75: That though chance and causation be directly contrary
- 76: That chance is merely the negation of a cause
- 77: And consequently the vivacity of thought
- 78: And take into consideration the contrariety of events
- 79: We compare the different sides of the contrariety
- 80: Many of these images are supposed to concur
- 81: And the effect encreases or diminishes
- 82: In which past experiments concur
- 83: It coued never occasion any belief or assurance
- 84: Conveys this force and vivacity to the related idea
- 85: If belief consisted only in a certain vivacity
- 86: Every new probability diminishes the original conviction
- 87: And frequently conjoined with the essential
- 88: And all other unphilosophical probabilities
- 89: That are palpable and undeniable
- 90: Proportioned to that degree of force and vivacity
- 91: That they are contiguous in time and place
- 92: Than this concerning the efficacy of causes
- 93: That it is endowed with no efficacy
- 94: That contains any power or efficacy
- 95: As to conceive any connexion betwixt them
- 96: This multiplicity of resembling instances
- 97: And therefore must be the same with power or efficacy
- 98: This contrary biass is easily accounted for
- 99: And suppose any real intelligible connexion betwixt them
- 100: A CAUSE is an object precedent and contiguous to another
- 101: An object precedent and contiguous to another
- 102: There is no phaenomenon in nature
- 103: That they suppose such a subtility and refinement of thought
- 104: It is therefore by experience they infer one from another
- 105: In accompts of any length or importance
- 106: And however small the diminution by every new uncertainty
- 107: And utterly subvert all belief and opinion
- 108: Which arises from a subtile reasoning
- 109: Or as these very distinct and external existences
- 110: We suppose them also exterior to ourselves
- 111: Arises not from the mere perception
- 112: That even in these changes they preserve a coherence
- 113: In order to preserve the same dependence and connexion
- 114: Like the precedent from their coherence
- 115: Which arises from the propensity
- 116: Thro a supposd variation of time
- 117: Than any relation betwixt them
- 118: And find the new perceptions to resemble perfectly those
- 119: With that connected mass of perceptions
- 120: A strong propensity or inclination alone
- 121: That our perceptions are our only objects
- 122: And must proceed upon the supposition
- 123: A continued and uninterrupted existence
- 124: The interruption to perceptions
- 125: We naturally add the latter to compleat the union
- 126: And the variation to the identity
- 127: Or original substance and matter
- 128: Arises from a faculty or an occult quality
- 129: The opinions of the antient philosophers
- 130: These simple and indivisible parts
- 131: Whose annihilation we suppose impossible
- 132: Of the immateriality of the soul
- 133: A substance is entirely different from a perception
- 134: And then that particular part is indivisible
- 135: And contiguity in the time of their appearance
- 136: Who conjoin all thought with extension
- 137: And that substance is perfectly simple and indivisible
- 138: And a simple uncompounded essence
- 139: It has been said against Spinoza
- 140: Concerning the cause of our perceptions
- 141: Are susceptible of a constant conjunction
- 142: Which we find constantly conjoined
- 143: For from what impression coued this idea be derived
- 144: By which we consider the uninterrupted and invariable object
- 145: However interrupted and variable
- 146: Which constitutes the imperfect identity
- 147: That every distinct perception
- 148: We never should have any notion of causation
- 149: And these relations produce identity
- 150: We coued only admit of those perceptions
- 151: We subvert entirely the human understanding
- 152: Which leads me to indolence and pleasure
- 153: And mixes itself with some propensity
- 154: But were these hypotheses once removed
- 155: Which I have called secondary and reflective
- 156: Immediately turn our attention to ourself
- 157: And their opposites of humility
- 158: Nor coued ever begin to exert itself
- 159: Changeableness is essential to it
- 160: And of humility a separate uneasiness
- 161: Thus pride is a pleasant sensation
- 162: The sensation of humility is uneasy
- 163: Produces likewise pride or humility
- 164: By which means its inconstancy appears still greater
- 165: The passions of pride and humility
- 166: And of vice as producing humility
- 167: To explain the difference betwixt beauty and deformity
- 168: In this phaenomenon are contained two curious experiments
- 169: That no object ever produces pride or humility
- 170: Betwixt the cause and object of pride and humility
- 171: Except by means of that transition above explained
- 172: By this facility the impression is transmitted more entire
- 173: Whatever strengthens the propensity strengthens the relation
- 174: That the power of acquiring this property
- 175: Who has no very powerful motive to forbear it
- 176: Whenever all external obstacles are removed
- 177: So remarkable a phaenomenon merits our attention
- 178: Which is resembling or contiguous
- 179: May serve to strengthen and inliven an idea
- 180: Fame and infamy would influence us without distinction
- 181: And placing ourselves in a contiguity to strangers
- 182: If there be any objections to this hypothesis
- 183: That the explication of these phaenomena
- 184: Part ii of love and hatred sect
- 185: Esteem or contempt towards those
- 186: Pride is connected with humility
- 187: To consider the matter first a priori
- 188: Only diversifyed by some causes
- 189: And afterwards pride or humility
- 190: But when the affections are once directed to ourself
- 191: With more facility than from contiguous to remote
- 192: Without a considerable interval betwixt them
- 193: That the original passion is pride or humility
- 194: But even the variations of these variations
- 195: An intention shews certain qualities
- 196: Betwixt ourselves and the object
- 197: Such a conception is peculiarly agreeable
- 198: To observe some pretty curious phaenomena
- 199: By this indulgence of the fancy in its inconstancy
- 200: The reflection on agreeable objects
- 201: Though he scarce is possest of a power
- 202: And to esteem them upon that account
- 203: Encrease the pleasure of the possessor
- 204: And are capable of forming a compound by their conjunction
- 205: And may arise from secondary principles
- 206: It still farther encreases our compassion
- 207: And in the brain or organ of perception
- 208: We naturally imagine that the object has likewise encreased
- 209: Deformity of itself produces uneasiness
- 210: Still more the idea of ourself
- 211: By making the comparison more natural
- 212: And of hatred or anger with malice
- 213: Hatred always follows upon the contrariety of interests
- 214: According to the particular phaenomenon
- 215: Or one weakly sympathized with
- 216: And prevent that double sympathy
- 217: And love and humility infeeble it
- 218: Yet this other contrariety is the reason
- 219: Which arises betwixt the sexes
- 220: When actuated by that appetite
- 221: Or the communication of passions
- 222: Do the children arise from this copulation more uniformly
- 223: They acquire such a connexion in the imagination
- 224: As there is the same constancy
- 225: Betwixt that which is opposed to violence
- 226: That the doctrine of necessity
- 227: I do not ascribe to the will that unintelligible necessity
- 228: That a person acquires any merit or demerit from his actions
- 229: We feel a consequent emotion of aversion or propensity
- 230: Nor chuses means insufficient for the end
- 231: Which judges of truth and falshood
- 232: Proceeds from the former naturally encreases the courage
- 233: Is apt rather to encrease them
- 234: But though surprize be agreeable in itself
- 235: Themistocles told the Athenians
- 236: Why every thing contiguous to us
- 237: And consequently weakens more considerably the idea
- 238: Which was in reality posterior to another
- 239: To begin with the first phaenomenon
- 240: Prosperity is denominated ascent
- 241: This phaenomenon is the more remarkable
- 242: When these cloaths are considered as belonging to ourself
- 243: When the same event is of a mixt nature
- 244: Except when their contrary movements exactly rencounter
- 245: Causes naturally a like mixture and uncertainty of passion
- 246: Horace has remarked this phaenomenon
- 247: And shew its origin in human nature
- 248: Requisite to fix our attention
- 249: Than those of hunting and philosophy
- 250: As the vivacity of the idea gives pleasure
- 251: To distinguish betwixt moral good and evil
- 252: Actions may be laudable or blameable
- 253: And the falshood of its effects may be ascribed
- 254: Why such a falshood is immoral
- 255: That morality is susceptible of demonstration
- 256: Must lie only betwixt internal actions
- 257: For before reason can perceive this turpitude
- 258: That vice and virtue are not matters of fact
- 259: In like manner an inanimate object
- 260: Not only the distinction betwixt vice and virtue is natural
- 261: Whether a natural or artificial virtue
- 262: That the first virtuous motive
- 263: Wherein consists this honesty and justice
- 264: Much less can private benevolence
- 265: That nature has established a sophistry
- 266: Yet his abilities are still more augmented
- 267: And in our outward circumstances
- 268: That our natural uncultivated ideas of morality
- 269: Do it by an agreement or convention
- 270: They rather inflame this avidity
- 271: And it is to restrain this selfishness
- 272: But if men pursued the publick interest naturally
- 273: More conducive to private interest
- 274: The utmost politicians can perform
- 275: What farther contributes to encrease their solidity
- 276: They enter into a convention for the stability of possession
- 277: To conjoin such relations as are resembling
- 278: And thence arises the property
- 279: This produced a dispute betwixt the two colonies
- 280: That is desart and uncultivated
- 281: It shoued naturally be imagined
- 282: Which somewhat resemble this of accession
- 283: Quod si casu id mistum fuerit
- 284: Sabinus maintained the affirmative
- 285: As well as its stability without such a consent
- 286: And the presence of this sensible delivery
- 287: And consequently a new volition
- 288: Antecedent to human conventions
- 289: One cannot transfer the property of a particular house
- 290: In the performance of promises
- 291: And that when he secretly withdraws his intention
- 292: This external relation causes nothing in external objects
- 293: Gives a certain pleasure and sentiment of approbation
- 294: Admit of no such insensible gradation
- 295: Being universal and perfectly inflexible
- 296: In favour of what is contiguous above what is remote
- 297: Their natural principles and propensities
- 298: So it hinders them from seeing that equity itself
- 299: Without having recourse to such an invention
- 300: Imposes on them a new obligation
- 301: That society is as antient as the human species
- 302: Which are distinct in promises and allegiance
- 303: Our rulers would never receive it tacitly
- 304: As the source of our allegiance to government
- 305: Without any crime or injustice
- 306: The obligation to obedience must cease
- 307: Which causes us to submit to magistracy
- 308: Where the whole is an usurpation
- 309: Those contrary phaenomena proceed from the same principle
- 310: And from the most antient laws to the most modem
- 311: Ought Germanicus to be esteemed the eldest son
- 312: It is allowable to resist and dethrone him
- 313: And entirely change the antient form of government
- 314: Where possession has no stability
- 315: Which follows their observance or transgression
- 316: And would consider the infamy attending infidelity
- 317: Which causes hatred or humility
- 318: And is actuated with a like emotion
- 319: Cujus lacertos exercitatio expressit
- 320: And is beneficial to a particular person
- 321: If the variation of the sentiment
- 322: That in its natural tendency is beneficial to society
- 323: Fitted to be beneficial to society
- 324: Which causes this sentiment of disapprobation
- 325: Merely because it displeases others
- 326: Are qualities immediately agreeable to others
- 327: These sentiments produce love or hatred
- 328: And a comparison with ourselves
- 329: Fortune commonly favours the bold and enterprizing
- 330: And almost universal propensity of men
- 331: That an excessive courage and magnanimity
- 332: Who have a more particular connexion with him
- 333: And our praise or blame fainter and more doubtful
- 334: His tenderness bestows a merit
- 335: The approbation which attends natural abilities
- 336: Why moralists have invented the latter
- 337: Good humour is loved and esteemed
- 338: The decorum or indecorum of a quality
- 339: Which might appear somewhat trivial and ludicrous
- 340: All the sentiments of approbation
- 341: We are to ascribe the sentiment of approbation
- 342: Coued they have any greater stability
- 343: Annexed to the simple conception
- 344: It does not modify the conception
- 345: Without any contradiction or absurdity
- 346: Distinct from the particular perceptions
