A THEODICY;
OR
VINDICATION OF THE DIVINE GLORY,
AS MANIFESTED IN THE
CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF THE MORAL WORLD.
BY ALBERT TAYLOR BLEDSOE,
PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI.
NEW YORK:
PUBLISHED BY CARLTON & PHILLIPS.
200 MULBERRY STREET.
1854.
CONTENTS
Introduction. Of The Possibility Of A Theodicy. Section I. The failure of Plato and other ancient philosophers to construct a Theodicy, not a ground of despair. Section II. The failure of Leibnitz not a ground of despair. Section III. The system of the moral universe not purposely involved in obscurity to teach us a lesson of humility. Section IV. The littleness of the human mind a ground of hope. Section V. The construction of a Theodicy, not an attempt to solve mysteries, but to dissipate absurdities. Section VI. The spirit in which the following work has been prosecuted, and the relation of the author to other systems. Part I. The Existence Of Moral Evil, Or Sin, Consistent With The Holiness Of God. Chapter I. The Scheme Of Necessity Denies That Man Is Responsible For The Existence Of Sin. Section I. The attempts of Calvin and Luther to reconcile the scheme of necessity with the responsibility of man. Section II. The manner in which Hobbes, Collins, and others, endeavour to reconcile necessity with free and accountable agency. Section III. The sentiments of Descartes, Spinoza, and Malebranche, concerning the relation between liberty and necessity. Section IV. The views of Locke, Tucker, Hartley, Priestley, Helvetius, and Diderot, with respect to the relation between liberty and necessity. Section V. The manner in which Leibnitz endeavours to reconcile liberty and necessity. Section VI. The attempt of Edwards to establish free and accountable agency on the basis of necessity--The views of the younger Edwards, Day, Chalmers, Dick, D'Aubigne, Hill, Shaw, and M'Cosh, concerning the agreement of liberty and necessity. Section VII. The sentiments of Hume, Brown, Comte, and Mill, in relation to the antagonism between liberty and necessity. Section VIII. The views of Kant and Sir William Hamilton in relation to the antagonism between liberty and necessity. Section IX. The notion of Lord Kames and Sir James Mackintosh on the same subject. Section X. The conclusion of Moehler, Tholuck, and others, that all speculation on such a subject must be vain and fruitless. Section XI. The true conclusion from the foregoing review of opinions and arguments. Chapter II. The Scheme Of Necessity Makes God The Author Of Sin. Section I. The attempts of Calvin and other reformers to show that the system of necessity does not make God the author of sin. Section II. The attempt of Leibnitz to show that the scheme of necessity does not make God the author of sin. Section III. The maxims adopted and employed by Edwards to show that the scheme of necessity does not make God the author of sin.
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: A Theodicy, or, Vindication of the Divine Glory
- 2: The true and only foundation of optimism
- 3: Summary Of The First Part Of The Foregoing System
- 4: Of the possibility of a theodicy
- 5: Previous to the time of Newton
- 6: The authority and example of Leibnitz
- 7: If we consider what Leibnitz has actually done
- 8: In order to teach man a lesson of humility and submission
- 9: Endeavoured to inculcate a lesson of humility
- 10: And determine to toil on as a living atom among living atoms
- 11: Such is the argument of the atheist
- 12: Or to blast the objections which atheists had
- 13: He was the more of an Arminian or of a Calvinist
- 14: Did he pass over every portion of Calvinism
- 15: How they dealt with the good Osiris
- 16: The doctrine of necessity has been
- 17: Which was maintained by the ancient Stoics
- 18: The deliberations and volitions of men
- 19: According to both Luther and Calvin
- 20: Because they are our volitions
- 21: To render us accountable for our internal volitions
- 22: Because the banks are impediments
- 23: The illustration of Chrysippus
- 24: According to the theory of Descartes
- 25: But Spinoza does not employ this idea of liberty
- 26: The paralogism is truly everywhere
- 27: Adopted the notions of free agency given by Hobbes
- 28: The doer of ill is one who must be destroyed
- 29: Leibnitz censures the language of Descartes
- 30: Is a consequence of the system of preestablished harmony
- 31: Before we take leave of Leibnitz
- 32: Really demolishes all responsibility for volition
- 33: He contends that volition is caused
- 34: Let a man come by his volition ANY HOW
- 35: Let the volition ever be formed
- 36: Precisely the same as that adopted by Hobbes
- 37: Necessitarians not only refute each other
- 38: If we may believe these learned Calvinists
- 39: He insists as strenuously as any other necessitarian
- 40: He declared to be a mere chimera
- 41: Has likewise ranked the preestablished harmony of Leibnitz
- 42: Then all things flow on in one boundless ocean of passivity
- 43: That volition is necessitated because it exists in time
- 44: Or is involved in an immediate datum of consciousness
- 45: Accordingly Moehler has declared
- 46: We cannot concur with these celebrated writers
- 47: One relating to the agency of man
- 48: There is an intervention of an actual volition
- 49: Becomes of the omnipotence of God
- 50: By an act of the divine omnipotence
- 51: Than any we have adduced from Calvin and Melanchthon
- 52: Leibnitz wrote his great Essais de Theodicee
- 53: According to the philosophy of Leibnitz
- 54: Arises from the necessary imperfection of the creature
- 55: Will most certainly and infallibly follow
- 56: That the end sanctifies the means
- 57: The Jansenists call the Jesuits Pelagians
- 58: We do not love and choose the disobedience
- 59: There is no inconsistency here
- 60: And go into the land of Moriah
- 61: If there is any contrariety at all in this case
- 62: He will snap all such quibbles like threads of tow
- 63: And which omniscience could not foretell
- 64: Not that Spinoza should have drawn such an inference
- 65: Or virtuous disposition of mind
- 66: We must trace every virtuous act to a virtuous principle
- 67: It was not necessitated to act by his desires
- 68: The natural concreated disposition of Adam
- 69: This natural concreated disposition is
- 70: With a sentiment of moral approbation
- 71: Or its essence lies in its essence
- 72: We admit that the virtuousness of every virtuous act lies
- 73: And volitions of the human mind
- 74: From necessitating causes over which we have no control
- 75: The phenomenon of intelligence
- 76: But the mind is active in its volitions
- 77: Will Spinoza find the freedom of the soul
- 78: Spinoza merely reproduces the error of the ancient Stoics
- 79: Thus reducing his doctrine to an unassailable truism
- 80: The notions of Clarke were superficial
- 81: And every other adept in the syllogistic art
- 82: We are perfectly satisfied that volition
- 83: If non entity brought forth our volitions
- 84: It includes every cause and condition of volition
- 85: As defined and employed by Leibnitz
- 86: The necessitarian contends that volition
- 87: The conditions or occasions of volition being supplied
- 88: Such is one of the favourite arguments of the necessitarian
- 89: And the sum of counter volition B
- 90: The idea of an omnipotent power
- 91: The same is true of the cannonball
- 92: Which all concede is necessitated
- 93: And so is capable of volition or choice
- 94: We set aside this stupendous sophism
- 95: Not the modus operandi of the divine power
- 96: Such weakness and dogmatizing is self imposed
- 97: We shall first stand on the same platform with Pelagius
- 98: This was the weak point in the philosophy of Pelagius
- 99: The intelligence is perfectly passive
- 100: Does not impair the free agency of man
- 101: Then shall we not always repeat with Pelagius
- 102: But in distorted views of the divine sovereignty
- 103: Would we exalt the sovereignty of God
- 104: The hypothesis of the Manicheans
- 105: Considered the system of Leibnitz
- 106: If any supposition can be made
- 107: Is not the doctrine of Bayle a thing of this kind
- 108: And thereby overthrow the theory of Bayle
- 109: The same as that presented by Bayle
- 110: Who was himself a necessitarian
- 111: The production of virtue by any extraneous agency
- 112: Only by being involved in irreconcilable contradiction
- 113: Seems to be a most unmeaning question
- 114: The true and only foundation of optimism
- 115: To convert it from a mere but magnificent hypothesis
- 116: Which he foresaw would fall under the dominion of sin
- 117: Forsook his allegiance to his Maker
- 118: Without infringing on his moral agency
- 119: The atonement was made for man
- 120: Or what does it signify that Dr
- 121: As if the Vatican had not uttered its anathema
- 122: It has been objected against the scheme of Leibnitz
- 123: Luther was a little below them
- 124: It is gloomier than hell itself
- 125: And teach him a lesson of humility
- 126: And swallow his atheistical dogmas
- 127: They take the precise course pursued by Melanchthon
- 128: That the following language of Archbishop Whately
- 129: Let the necessitarian prove his assumption
- 130: And yet to suppose that God certainly foreknows them
- 131: To say that they are certainly and infallibly foreknown
- 132: That a future event is foreknown
- 133: That this stupendous difficulty can be solved
- 134: As does the argument in favour of a limited atonement
- 135: The universal prescience whereof we are discoursing
- 136: Does not God so overrule our wills in all cases
- 137: To vindicate his own character
- 138: Who he foresees will remain impenitent
- 139: The limited application of the atonement
- 140: If we should concede that they are a punishment
- 141: Which justifies the imputation of moral evil
- 142: The imputation of guilt by the divine constitution
- 143: Involving the imputation of sin
- 144: Those vindications of God's goodness
- 145: According to his certain foreknowledge
- 146: Which is imputed to his descendants
- 147: Foolish judgments of barbarians
- 148: Though truly imputed to INFANTS
- 149: Did he really bind the poor little reprobate
- 150: This may seem a terrible damnation to some persons
- 151: Determine the fate of infants by a decree
- 152: That infants suffer as irrational animals do
- 153: And condemned to suffer as malefactors and criminals do
- 154: Be distributed according to the demerit of men
- 155: Though actions materially virtuous
- 156: They knowingly transgress the law of God
- 157: Said the disciples to our Saviour
- 158: To erect an empire of absurdity
- 159: And deter his creatures from sin
- 160: Or of a vague and ill defined phraseology
- 161: It cannot properly refer to the retributive justice of God
- 162: No satisfaction is made to retributive justice
- 163: As well as the doctrine of the atonement
- 164: The Socinian frequently speaks of it
- 165: That it obscures the freeness and glory of the divine mercy
- 166: Let us take the case of Zaleucus
- 167: Nor its violation to be forgiven
- 168: Inconceivably great as they were
- 169: Upon insecure and untenable grounds
- 170: Deserves an infinite punishment
- 171: And powerfully tending to actual evil
- 172: While contemplating him bringing
- 173: Can we put forth the requisite volitions
- 174: Omnipotence cannot confer holiness upon them
- 175: In order to vindicate the divine benevolence
- 176: By its own repeated acts of transgression
- 177: Came in the stupendous idea of eternity
- 178: That penalties should be proportioned to offences
- 179: And if they could be restored to rectitude and happiness
- 180: We considered the doctrine of predestination
- 181: And hence the objection of the atheist
- 182: And of an endless progress in glory
- 183: And the eternal reprobation of Esau
- 184: Jacob 'loved Rachel more than Leah
- 185: That Esau never personally served Jacob
- 186: Those whom he elected he predestinated
- 187: Thus predestinated and foreordained
- 188: Should be bestowed upon the reprobate
- 189: As displayed in the scheme of predestination
- 190: But it is not well applied by Calvinists
- 191: In all its boundless extent and beauty
- 192: Untinged by the dogma of predestination
- 193: Summary Of The First Part Of The Foregoing System
- 194: The school of the necessitarian is
- 195: Instead of vindicating the purity of the divine proceeding
- 196: Without considering how its volitions come to pass
- 197: And rendered plausible by a false phraseology
- 198: And both in their harmonious union and cooeperation
- 199: Says Leibnitz there are some disorders in the parts
- 200: Though Leibnitz frequently insists
- 201: Which Leibnitz so positively asserts
- 202: The theist should have denied this
- 203: From a Lactantius to a Leibnitz
- 204: Such is the magnificent dream of the sceptic
- 205: It is admitted by many Arminians themselves
- 206: Becomes involved in numerous self contradictions
- 207: The sufferings of the innocent
- 208: Besides being eternal in duration
- 209: The Calvinistic scheme of predestination
- 210: And a justice limited by mercy
- 211: Leibnitz has very clearly refuted
- 212: 56 Progress of Ethical Philosophy
- 213: 87 Emphatically as this conclusion is stated by Spinoza
- 214: 97 Inquiry of President Edwards
- 215: As quoted in New and Old Theology
- 216: 187 Wiggers's Presentation of Augustinism and Pelagianism
