Page numbers within curly brackets (such as {iii} and {27} have been included so that the reader might use the index.
THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION.
by
CHARLES DARWIN, M.A., F.R.S., &c.
IN TWO VOLUMES.--VOL. II.
With Illustrations.
LONDON: John Murray, Albemarle Street. 1868.
The right of Translation is reserved.
London: Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Stamford Street, and Charing Cross.
{iii}
CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.
CHAPTER XII.
INHERITANCE.
WONDERFUL NATURE OF INHERITANCE--PEDIGREES OF OUR DOMESTICATED ANIMALS--INHERITANCE NOT DUE TO CHANCE--TRIFLING CHARACTERS INHERITED--DISEASES INHERITED--PECULIARITIES IN THE EYE INHERITED--DISEASES IN THE HORSE--LONGEVITY AND VIGOUR--ASYMMETRICAL DEVIATIONS OF STRUCTURE--POLYDACTYLISM AND REGROWTH OF SUPERNUMERARY DIGITS AFTER AMPUTATION--CASES OF SEVERAL CHILDREN SIMILARLY AFFECTED FROM NON-AFFECTED PARENTS--WEAK AND FLUCTUATING INHERITANCE: IN WEEPING TREES, IN DWARFNESS, COLOUR OF FRUIT AND FLOWERS, COLOUR OF HORSES--NON-INHERITANCE IN CERTAIN CASES--INHERITANCE OF STRUCTURE AND HABITS OVERBORNE BY HOSTILE CONDITIONS OF LIFE, BY INCESSANTLY RECURRING VARIABILITY, AND BY REVERSION--CONCLUSION ... Page 1
CHAPTER XIII.
INHERITANCE _continued_--REVERSION OR ATAVISM.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF REVERSION--IN PURE OR UNCROSSED BREEDS, AS IN PIGEONS, FOWLS, HORNLESS CATTLE AND SHEEP, IN CULTIVATED PLANTS--REVERSION IN FERAL ANIMALS AND PLANTS--REVERSION IN CROSSED VARIETIES AND SPECIES--REVERSION THROUGH BUD-PROPAGATION, AND BY SEGMENTS IN THE SAME FLOWER OR FRUIT--IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY IN THE SAME ANIMAL--THE ACT OF CROSSING A DIRECT CAUSE OF REVERSION, VARIOUS CASES OF, WITH INSTINCTS--OTHER PROXIMATE CAUSES OF REVERSION--LATENT CHARACTERS--SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS--UNEQUAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TWO SIDES OF THE BODY--APPEARANCE WITH ADVANCING AGE OF CHARACTERS DERIVED FROM A CROSS--THE GERM WITH ALL ITS LATENT CHARACTERS A WONDERFUL OBJECT--MONSTROSITIES--PELORIC FLOWERS DUE IN SOME CASES TO REVERSION ... Page 28
CHAPTER XIV.
INHERITANCE _continued_--FIXEDNESS OF CHARACTER--PREPOTENCY--SEXUAL LIMITATION--CORRESPONDENCE OF AGE.
FIXEDNESS OF CHARACTER APPARENTLY NOT DUE TO ANTIQUITY OF INHERITANCE--PREPOTENCY OF TRANSMISSION IN INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME FAMILY, IN CROSSED BREEDS AND SPECIES; OFTEN STRONGER IN ONE SEX THAN THE OTHER; SOMETIMES DUE TO THE SAME CHARACTER BEING PRESENT AND VISIBLE IN ONE BREED AND LATENT IN THE OTHER--INHERITANCE AS LIMITED BY SEX--NEWLY-ACQUIRED CHARACTERS IN OUR DOMESTICATED ANIMALS OFTEN TRANSMITTED BY ONE SEX ALONE, SOMETIMES LOST BY ONE SEX ALONE--INHERITANCE AT CORRESPONDING PERIODS OF LIFE--THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PRINCIPLE WITH RESPECT TO EMBRYOLOGY; AS EXHIBITED IN DOMESTICATED ANIMALS; AS EXHIBITED IN THE APPEARANCE AND DISAPPEARANCE OF INHERITED DISEASES; SOMETIMES SUPERVENING EARLIER IN THE CHILD THAN IN THE PARENT--SUMMARY OF THE THREE PRECEDING CHAPTERS ... Page 62
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestic
- 2: And on the evil effects of close interbreeding
- 3: Leading to divergence of character
- 4: Continued CORRELATED VARIABILITY
- 5: It generally tends to be inherited
- 6: And by conversing with breeders
- 7: Remarks on the inheritance of handwriting
- 8: Until they made a strain called Dutch buttocked
- 9: When both parents are myopic Mr
- 10: Either congenital or coming on late in life
- 11: Occasionally there are several supernumerary digits
- 12: Supernumerary digits are strongly inherited
- 13: We find ample powers of regrowth
- 14: As supernumerary digits in the higher animals
- 15: A peach with pendulous branches
- 16: Raised several pendulous trees
- 17: That the white variety is the truest
- 18: Which were artificially fertilised
- 19: And not one of these manifested the epileptic tendency
- 20: Procured eggs of Aylesbury ducks from that town
- 21: And by the German Rueck schlag
- 22: But several hornless breeds are now well established
- 23: That some few seedling apples and pears generally resemble
- 24: And the young have reacquired longitudinal stripes
- 25: Be fully trusted a pointer bitch produced seven puppies
- 26: Reassumed their former character
- 27: Many piebald animals probably come under this same head
- 28: As Gallus bankiva is coloured red and orange
- 29: Such as Alderneys and Shorthorns
- 30: The Asinus taeniopus of Abyssinia
- 31: Neither of which are incubators
- 32: Hybrids are often raised between the common and musk duck
- 33: As Naudin 113 has expressed it
- 34: Of a hybrid or mongrel to its grandparents
- 35: Apparently exist in a latent state
- 36: 123 are as often sinistral as dextral
- 37: Though during youth completely latent
- 38: Developed in the inguinal region
- 39: Yet this occurs with many peloric flowers
- 40: Not generally ranked as peloric
- 41: That plants of many orders occasionally become peloric
- 42: Or wholly fails to be transmitted
- 43: That when niata cattle are crossed with common cattle
- 44: This weakness of transmission in the fantail
- 45: Quadrivalvis be crossed with N
- 46: Either with prepotent force or singular feebleness
- 47: Whilst the tendency to pelorism
- 48: But generally with the haemorrhagic diathesis
- 49: Is an attribute of the male sex
- 50: That of the male being formed of hackle like feathers
- 51: Disappears with the first moult
- 52: A change in the precise nature of an inherited disease
- 53: And their paternal grandfather
- 54: Periodical habits are likewise transmitted
- 55: Yield to the prepotency of every other race
- 56: When discussing reversion and prepotency
- 57: The dogs in Paraguay are far from uniform
- 58: The perfect pure Merino blood 40
- 59: Though hermaphrodite in structure
- 60: The capacity of occasionally intercrossing
- 61: Showing that the glabrous character
- 62: When the offspring of hybrids or mongrels
- 63: Cautious and experienced breeders
- 64: And recrossed the mongrels with Penguins
- 65: Are almost invariability in some degree sterile
- 66: In Paraguay the horses have much freedom
- 67: Youatt had proved his case
- 68: Though these plants are monoecious
- 69: But I must premise that Gaertner
- 70: Now in the hollyhock the pollen
- 71: And they yielded very sterile hybrids
- 72: The wild sow is remarkably prolific
- 73: And on the evil effects of close interbreeding
- 74: Is the closest possible form of interbreeding
- 75: The distinguished German agriculturist Hermann von Nathusius
- 76: Which were closely interbred for a long period
- 77: With respect to the cattle at Chillingham
- 78: Which almost implies long continued close interbreeding
- 79: Yielded to the small black boar
- 80: Tylor 266 has shown 123 that with widely different races
- 81: Sebright positively asserts that he made many trials
- 82: Who introduced Ligurian bees into Devonshire
- 83: Diminishes the evil from close interbreeding
- 84: Whilst the self fertilised plants
- 85: Mongrels obtained by cross impregnation
- 86: Been noticed by Gaertner and 131 Herbert
- 87: Dimorphic and trimorphic plants
- 88: Divaricatum produced four fine capsules again
- 89: On the stigma of Oncidium flexuosum
- 90: Gaertner experimented on two plants of Lobelia fulgens
- 91: Scott 316 plants of Passiflora racemosa
- 92: On the Hippeastrum aulicum
- 93: In the experiments on the hybrid Hippeastrums
- 94: The self impotent Passiflora alata
- 95: Which is considered the closest form of interbreeding
- 96: That benefits ensue from crossing
- 97: With respect to the tubers of the potato
- 98: 'Gleanings from the Menageries of Knowsley Hall
- 99: Crawfurd 335 that their breeding in the domestic state
- 100: 340 In Paraguay the native Nasua
- 101: Especially the Macacus rhesus
- 102: With the exception of the siskin Fringilla spinus
- 103: Parrots are singularly long lived birds
- 104: Tetrapteryx paradisea has bred at Knowsley
- 105: Whilst most carnivorous mammals
- 106: But can easily be fertilised by that of a distinct species
- 107: Spooner well known for his essay on Cross breeding
- 108: The sterility in many cases
- 109: For Gaertner 404 found that dicotyledonous plants
- 110: For many plants of Dianthus and Lobelia
- 111: With respect to peloric flowers
- 112: And Bladder nut Ranunculus repens
- 113: The common little Ranunculus ficaria rarely
- 114: Independently of any incipient sterility
- 115: Uniformity of character is ultimately acquired
- 116: And the evil from close interbreeding
- 117: As far as the reproductive system is concerned
- 118: But yield hybrids excessively sterile
- 119: So that with dimorphic species two unions
- 120: And from trimorphic plants all three illegitimate forms
- 121: And that successive slight degrees of infertility
- 122: Or the sterility a consequence of the prepotency
- 123: Whilst still retaining the capacity of fertilising
- 124: All varieties can be so grafted
- 125: A clearly predetermined object must be kept steadily in view
- 126: A great breeder of shorthorns 444 says
- 127: Whose fame is perpetuated by the Sebright Bantam
- 128: Until slight varieties were selected and propagated by seed
- 129: 471 Selection by Ancient and Semi civilised People
- 130: To which Glaucus answers in the affirmative
- 131: Azara states that a hornless bull
- 132: About seventy years after Pallas
- 133: The wild Guanacos and Vicunas were sheared
- 134: In one of the Berkshire sub breeds
- 135: Fleeter fox hounds were desired and produced
- 136: And to the Fuegian for catching fish and otters
- 137: Not only by a florist but by a village gardener
- 138: Godron insists on the diversity of the tuber in the potato
- 139: 530 Blumenbach remarks that many dogs
- 140: With animals such as the giraffe
- 141: First in the curvature of the cornea or crystalline
- 142: Leading to divergence of character
- 143: Hairless and almost toothless Turkish dogs
- 144: And liability to certain diseases
- 145: As their dissemination depends on birds
- 146: Hence the nectarine suffers more than the peach
- 147: The possibility of selection rests on variability
- 148: Onions are propagated like annuals
- 149: And most difficult to match cochineal insects
- 150: May be seen in purely bred and closely related Dorking fowls
- 151: Fanciers always go to extremes
- 152: And then the old Eclipse may possibly be eclipsed
- 153: Especially in the less civilised countries
- 154: The so called artificial races
- 155: Breeders feel no doubt on this head
- 156: The principle of divergence of character
- 157: For though variability is indispensably necessary
- 158: Grew from the roof of the mouth behind the first bicuspids
- 159: The least valuable of all our cereals
- 160: Is one of the most potent causes of variability
- 161: An important part in causing variability
- 162: If seedlings are raised from the May leafing Lalande variety
- 163: The most celebrated horticulturist in France
- 164: Yarrell informed me that the Australian dingos
- 165: Hybrids in the genus Mirabilis vary almost infinitely
- 166: Naudin was so much astonished at this fact
- 167: Beyond this point Gaertner
- 168: And not that sterility induces variability
- 169: Than the female element or ovule
- 170: Attribute every modification to the monde ambiant
- 171: The several districts in England
- 172: Several plants simultaneously became variegated
- 173: 667 Seed is annually brought from Thibet to Kashmir
- 174: 681 Slight variations of many kinds
- 175: Climate definitely influences the hairy covering of animals
- 176: And thus produce the Lori rajah or King Lory
- 177: And in the other from another progenitor
- 178: But the greater number by species of Cynips
- 179: Or locally inoculated with the poison of a toad
- 180: The long horns of Caffre cattle
- 181: And as this is an aquatic bird
- 182: Peaches from the stone of the nectarine
- 183: Inherited from some remote progenitor
- 184: Laws of variation use and disuse
- 185: This power of regrowth does not
- 186: An excess of nutritive matter exudes from the vessels
- 187: And the lungs were partially atrophied
- 188: The length of the scapulae and furcula
- 189: With highly fed domesticated animals
- 190: Have enormously elongated ears
- 191: Are necessarily all modified together with the intestines
- 192: After having been reared on the Ailanthus
- 193: Many American varieties of the pear
- 194: And hardier than the former kinds
- 195: And more so in two year old seedlings
- 196: But Alba multiflora will
- 197: We have some degree of acclimatisation in the individual
- 198: Though habit does something towards acclimatisation
- 199: 803 the abortion is only partial in Carthamus creticus
- 200: Has probably been aided by disuse
- 201: Continued CORRELATED VARIABILITY
- 202: In cases of true correlated variation
- 203: 806 Correlated Variation of Homologous Parts
- 204: Have through correlation increased in size
- 205: Are homologous over the whole body
- 206: And secondly by correlation on the horns
- 207: Had amaurosis and cataract conjoined
- 208: In hose and hose flowers the sepals mock the petals
- 209: Through correlation with the protuberance of the skull
- 210: Strengthened cervical vertebrae
- 211: Colour as Correlated with Constitutional Peculiarities
- 212: And which no doubt were honeydewed
- 213: When similar or homologous parts
- 214: Showing how frequently homologous parts
- 215: 851 by checking the growth of the tubers
- 216: Which was almost completely peloric
- 217: Linaria produces two kinds of peloric flowers
- 218: Analogous or Parallel Variation
- 219: The nectarine is the offspring of the peach
- 220: Turbits properly have white tails
- 221: Or when they have stripes on their faces
- 222: Walsh's law of Equable Variability
- 223: Through the principle of correlated variability
- 224: Correlation is an important subject
- 225: The latter is effected in many ways by gemmation
- 226: 878 Ovules and the male element
- 227: With beings produced by gemmation
- 228: 000 eggs laid by unimpregnated silk moths
- 229: Is believed to hybridise the tissues of a distinct form
- 230: Graduates so insensibly into metagenesis
- 231: In the life history of the Hydroidae any phase
- 232: The great supporter of the cellular theory
- 233: Sexual reproduction does not essentially differ
- 234: Gemmules are supposed to be thrown off by every cell or unit
- 235: The existence of free gemmules is a gratuitous assumption
- 236: The gemmules do not spread from bud to bud
- 237: Independently of their union with distinct gemmules
- 238: Whether all gemmules are free and separate
- 239: 912 As soon as the gemmules have aggregated themselves
- 240: Which terms I should translate into the gemmules
- 241: Hence it is not surprising that gemmules within the pollen
- 242: Gemmules of certain primordial cells are present
- 243: Stamens are so frequently converted
- 244: Or possibly of certain gemmules
- 245: Whether a superabundance of gemmules
- 246: Diffused gemmules derived from this part must
- 247: Certain masculine gemmules become developed
- 248: An abundance of hybridised gemmules
- 249: It does not seem improbable that certain gemmules
- 250: The power of propagation possessed by each separate cell
- 251: The causes and laws of variability
- 252: Have become extinct or unknown
- 253: The position of the carpels within the ovarium
- 254: More or less sterile offspring
- 255: The wattles on the upper mandible
- 256: It would have been considered a monstrosity
- 257: But the co adapted modifications
- 258: Recommence its course of variability
- 259: Is a powerful exciting cause of variability
- 260: Many variations would occur in correlation
- 261: The closest possible interbreeding would be perpetual
- 262: Short beaked more than long beaked birds
- 263: Aids in their final extinction
- 264: Supplanting other and older breeds
- 265: Hence I have spoken of selection as the paramount power
- 266: Were intentionally and specially guided
- 267: Aesculus flava and rubicunda
- 268: Selection practised by the Damaras and Namaquas
- 269: On the colours of feral horses
- 270: On the intercrossing of strawberries
- 271: Effect of foreign pollen on grapes
- 272: On feral pigeons in Juan Fernandez
- 273: Number of species of Columbidae
- 274: Spontaneous production of Cytisus purpureo elongatus
- 275: Cultivation of the wild parsnip
- 276: On a seedling peach producing both peaches and nectarines
- 277: Colour of feral horses in North America
- 278: Cereus speciosissimus and phyllanthus
- 279: Citrus aurantium fructu variabili
- 280: Columba migratoria and leucocephala
- 281: Domestication of Gallus bankiva
- 282: Purpureus and laburnum to produce
- 283: Datura laevis and stramonium
- 284: Dianthus armeria and deltoides
- 285: Origin of the Boston nectarine
- 286: Crossing of Labrador and penguin
- 287: Ancient domestication of the pigeon in
- 288: Diminished by close interbreeding
- 289: Origin of from Gallus bankiva
- 290: Seeding of ordinarily seedless fruits
- 291: Crossing of species of Verbascum
- 292: Period of gestation and odour of the jackal
- 293: Fertility of peloric flowers of Corydalis solida
- 294: Experiments on Abraxas grossulariata
- 295: Inheritance of peculiarities in
- 296: Production of tailed chickens by rumpless fowls
- 297: Correlated with hair in variation
- 298: Supposed of peach and nectarine
- 299: INDIVIDUAL variability in pigeons
- 300: Early domestication of pigs in China
- 301: Crosses of species of Verbascum
- 302: Bud variation in Mirabilis jalapa
- 303: Linaria vulgaris and purpurea
- 304: Feral cattle of the Falkland islands
- 305: Position as a cause of pelorism
- 306: Tendency of peloric flowers to become irregular
- 307: Reproduction of Passiflora alata
- 308: Acclimatisation of Cucurbitaceae
- 309: Prepotency of transmission of characters in species of
- 310: Formation of pollen by a petal in
- 311: Period of inheritance of cancer
- 312: PELORIC races of Gloxinia speciosa and Antirrhinum majus
- 313: Prepotency of transmission of character in breeds of
- 314: Sterility of some mongrel pigeons
- 315: On local tendency to variegation
- 316: PREPOTENCY of transmission of character
- 317: Quercus robur and pedunculata
- 318: Of crossed peloric snapdragons
- 319: Connexion between the peach and the nectarine
- 320: Sterility of tame parrots in Guiana
- 321: Contrasted in cabbages and cereals
- 322: SEXUAL limitation of characters
- 323: On the Thibet mastiff and the alco
- 324: Diminished fertility of Merino sheep brought from Spain
- 325: Feral rabbits of the Falkland Islands
- 326: Development of the cranial protuberance in Polish fowls
- 327: Breeding of Tetrao scotius in captivity
- 328: Suratensis and Ectopistes migratorius
- 329: Non intercrossing of certain allied plants
- 330: On the inheritance of polydactylism
- 331: Increased fertility of hybrids of
- 332: Effect of close interbreeding on pigs
- 333: On the skull in hornless cattle
- 334: In 'British and Foreign Medico Chirurg
- 335: See following papers in 'The Veterinary ' Roberts
- 336: 50 These statements are taken from Alph
- 337: But I now find that Dureau de la Malle 'Comptes Rendus
- 338: And has often been called the Hemionus of Pallas
- 339: Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire
- 340: 133 In his discussion on some curious peloric calceolarias
- 341: 165 'Embassy to the Court of Ava
- 342: 182 'Saeugethiere von Paraguay
- 343: 216 On the Varieties of Wheat
- 344: 231 Koelreuter first observed this fact
- 345: Though they were all some degree sterile
- 346: 71 see also 'Gardener's Chronicle
- 347: 291 'Philosophical Transactions
- 348: 325 'Gardener's Chronicle and Agricult
- 349: Audubon and Bachman's 'Quadrupeds of North America
- 350: Hancock remarks 'Charlesworth's Mag
- 351: Was extremely fond of taming animals
- 352: 417 Lindley's 'Theory of Horticulture
- 353: Koelreuter 'Dritte Fortsetzung
- 354: 460 'Journal Royal Agricultural Soc
- 355: 490 'Recherches sur l'Agriculture des Chinois
- 356: 535 Quoted by Youatt on Sheep
- 357: 571 'On the Varieties of Wheat
- 358: Et qui lui ecrivait en effet 'J'ai mon ophthalmie
- 359: Poiteau's remark is quoted in 'Gardener's Mag
- 360: 634 Mueller has conclusively argued against this belief
- 361: Boudin's 'Geographie et de Statistique Medicales
- 362: 'Recherches sur les Conditions
- 363: 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology
- 364: In a paper communicated to Bot
- 365: Columella is quoted by Carlier
- 366: 821 'Embassy to the Court of Ava
- 367: 842 'Edinburgh Veterinary Journal
- 368: 859 Quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture
- 369: 'The present Aspect of Cellular Pathology
- 370: My gemmules are supposed to be formed
- 371: As in the case of the extirpation of the scapula
- 372: 935 'Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten
