HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
BASED ON OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
BY DIRECTION OF THE HISTORICAL SECTION OF THE COMMITTEE OF IMPERIAL DEFENCE
THE WAR IN THE AIR
Being the Story of The part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force
VOL. I
BY
WALTER RALEIGH
OXFORD THE CLARENDON PRESS 1922
Oxford University Press
_London Edinburgh Glasgow Copenhagen New York Toronto Melbourne Cape Town Bombay Calcutta Madras Shanghai_
Humphrey Milford Publisher to the UNIVERSITY
PREFACE
The History of which this is the first volume is, in the main, the history of the part played in the war by British air forces. It is based chiefly on the records of the Air Ministry collected and preserved at the Historical Section. The staff of the Section have spared no trouble to collect an immense amount of material and arrange it for use, to consult living witnesses, to verify facts down to the minutest details, and to correct any errors that may have crept into the narrative. Their main purpose has been to secure that any statement of fact made in this book shall be true and demonstrable. If in any particular instances they have failed in this purpose, it has not been for lack of pains and care.
Official records do not in themselves make history. They are colourless and bare. In the business of interpreting and supplementing them we have been much helped by the kindness of many military and naval officers and of many civilian experts. Their help, most of which is acknowledged in the text, has supplied us with the liveliest things in this book. We could wish that we had more of it. Naval and military officers do not advertise, and are reluctant to speak publicly of the part that they played in the war. They are silent on all that may seem to tell to their own credit or to the discredit of others, and this silence easily develops into a fixed habit of reticence. We are the more grateful to those who have helped us to a true account by telling of what they saw. The best part of the book is yet to come; if the theme is to be worthily treated, it must be by the help of those who remember and of those who know.
The writer of this history has endeavoured to make his narrative intelligible to those who, like himself, are outsiders, and, with that end in view, he has avoided, as far as possible, the masonic dialect of the services. For the few and cautious opinions that he has expressed he alone is responsible. In controverted questions, though he has not always been careful to conceal his own opinion, he has always tried so to state the grounds for other opinions that those who hold these other opinions may think his statement not unfair. If his own opinion is wrong, the corrective will usually be found near at hand. The position of an outsider has grave disabilities; if a measure of compensation for these disabilities is anywhere to be found, it must be sought in freedom from the heat of partisan zeal and from the narrowness of corporate loyalty.
Table of contents (by pages)
- 1: The War in the Air; Vol. 1 by Raleigh
- 2: Seaplanes and seaplane carriers
- 3: Holt Thomas brings Paulhan to Brooklands
- 4: Report of Captain Sueter and Mr
- 5: First German machine seen by British at Maubeuge
- 6: Reconnaissance flight of seaplane No
- 7: Previous history of Major Brancker
- 8: 3 Wing at Luxeuil formed for this purpose
- 9: So the progress of aerial science followed what
- 10: Was strong against the airship
- 11: The hours flown by the air service
- 12: As observation was the first purpose of aircraft
- 13: Constructed or adapted to be seaplane carriers
- 14: The name of this elixir is tradition
- 15: The Father of British Aeronautics
- 16: But the practicable span of the plane
- 17: Machine over the heavier than air
- 18: His treatise remained in manuscript
- 19: Made Warden of Wadham College in that University
- 20: He borrowed his hopes from Wilkins
- 21: When both he and Wilkins were dead
- 22: Though Lana had triumphed over it in argument
- 23: And when Robert left the car at Nesle the balloon
- 24: From the Artillery Ground in Moorfields
- 25: 'Do not write about the balloon
- 26: 'The infancy of the balloon lasted long
- 27: When Glaisher swooned the balloon was ascending rapidly
- 28: With airscrews sixteen inches in diameter
- 29: Did much to assist the gliders
- 30: His insistence on the cambered wing did not convince others
- 31: Pilcher never recovered consciousness
- 32: And that Ader had abandoned his attempts
- 33: Which served to drive two airscrews
- 34: Professor Langley held that in order to learn to fly
- 35: Chanute had discontinued his experiments
- 36: Practised by Lilienthal and Pilcher
- 37: Speaking of the glider of 1902
- 38: This anemometer is 30 feet from the ground
- 39: On what is known as the Huffman Prairie
- 40: On the 5th of October 1905 one of them
- 41: There Wilbur Wright set up his shed
- 42: The helicopter idea continues to fascinate some inventors
- 43: But the pride of Germany was in her airships
- 44: With an airscrew driven by manpower
- 45: And two airscrews of twelve feet in diameter
- 46: Senhor Severo and his assistant perished in it
- 47: And its immediate Lebaudy successors
- 48: A triangular latticed aluminium keel ran along below
- 49: And Count Zeppelin went to work again
- 50: 7 1910 Deutschland Wrecked June 1910
- 51: A record of the voyages made by the Viktoria Luise
- 52: And began to construct Parseval airships
- 53: Ferber lays stress chiefly on practice
- 54: Ferber made acquaintance with M
- 55: They received every indulgence from the Voisins
- 56: Made up the list Leon Delagrange
- 57: Or Robert Esnault Pelterie monoplane
- 58: Or took his hands from the levers
- 59: Three days later Louis Paulhan
- 60: Held simultaneously at Blackpool and Doncaster
- 61: Who had learned their flying abroad
- 62: Free competition stimulates and rewards industry and skill
- 63: He devised a biplane glider with a box kite tail
- 64: The Dunne aeroplane took hints from the zannonia leaf
- 65: Then he received notice to quit Brooklands
- 66: Early in 1914 the German Government bought an Avro seaplane
- 67: De Havilland built his first machine early in 1910
- 68: His glider was inherently stable
- 69: Close to the railway station at Eastchurch
- 70: As a landing ground for Paulhan
- 71: At that time there were at Brooklands
- 72: Started a school at Brooklands in partnership with M
- 73: Almost contemporary with Brooklands
- 74: The wonderful little Deperdussin monoplane
- 75: Larkhill was the earliest centre of military flying
- 76: ' Lieutenant Gibbs saved himself by his courage and calm
- 77: From these beginnings Larkhill rapidly developed
- 78: Went into camp at Larkhill about the end of April
- 79: Told in favour of military rather than naval flying
- 80: The Weinling family had a secret
- 81: A balloon detachment under Major Elsdale and Captain F
- 82: Under the superintendence of Colonel Templer
- 83: As early as January 1902 Colonel Templer
- 84: And returned to Farnborough by road
- 85: He invited Lord Rayleigh and Dr
- 86: When the success of the Fokkers
- 87: The biplane was called the Bleriot Experimental
- 88: Busk was more than ever needed at the factory
- 89: And by experiment at the factory
- 90: The flying centre for members of the Royal Aero Club
- 91: Put an end to military experiments with airships
- 92: That the airship experiments should be discontinued
- 93: By armed aeroplanes against each other
- 94: Visited many of the French military and civil aerodromes
- 95: Realized by the German airships
- 96: And three of the Forlanini type
- 97: Oswald Short designed and tested airbags
- 98: Which was formed in the spring of 1911
- 99: The flying camp for aeroplanes was at Larkhill
- 100: Returned to Larkhill to find his old machine
- 101: But the aeroplane company started from Larkhill
- 102: The other by Lieutenant Cammell
- 103: A permanent consultative committee
- 104: Associated with him was Major Duncan Sayre MacInnes
- 105: North of the Upavon Everley road
- 106: Two pilots were allowed for each aeroplane
- 107: The Naval Wing had its headquarters at Eastchurch
- 108: He must understand naval tactics
- 109: In some few cases the naval and
- 110: And the Superintendent of the Royal Aircraft Factory
- 111: To supply the needs of an expeditionary force
- 112: Longcroft of the Welch Regiment
- 113: When Professor Gaudron fell ill
- 114: Wireless telegraphy became a necessity for aeroplanes
- 115: It is thus in resonance with the transmitter
- 116: To test its suitability for wireless
- 117: The Gamma for Kneesworth camp
- 118: Eta was cruising northwards at touring speed
- 119: 'should know the capabilities of aviation
- 120: Major Musgrave gave special attention to wireless telegraphy
- 121: And had designed the 'Pup' monoplane for Mr
- 122: Of 1912 the Central Flying School at Upavon got to work
- 123: Was limited to aeroplanes manufactured wholly
- 124: Major Brooke Popham and Lieutenant G
- 125: 3 Squadron returned to Larkhill
- 126: The machinery was decentralized
- 127: There should be oil lorries for the distribution of petrol
- 128: The most famous of the McCuddens
- 129: It was an experimental two seater tractor biplane
- 130: In August 1913 Captain Longcroft
- 131: After completing its establishment it moved to Netheravon
- 132: The airship was the predestined bombing machine
- 133: Proved that any aeroplane can spin
- 134: The first successful seaplane was produced at Eastchurch
- 135: And in misty weather the seaplane
- 136: Was the subject of experiments at Eastchurch
- 137: Which was first applied to aircraft at Farnborough
- 138: Together with all aircraft employed for naval purposes
- 139: Or Luft Verkehrs Gesellschaft biplane
- 140: The expression of goodwill between France and England
- 141: When Austria issued her ultimatum
- 142: In the area between Avesnes and Le Cateau
- 143: Were to leave Farnborough for Avonmouth on the seventh day
- 144: The squadron suffered a loss at Netheravon
- 145: Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
- 146: Royal Fusiliers Special Reserve
- 147: And the Maurice Farman was too slow
- 148: 3 and 4 Squadrons moved from Amiens to Maubeuge
- 149: This was not the conception of Count von Schlieffen
- 150: Whence he flew back to the aerodrome at Maubeuge
- 151: That cavalry and cyclists were in Lessines
- 152: Was moving westward on the Brussels Ninove road
- 153: On returning over Lessines at 11
- 154: Marchiennes is almost midway between Valenciennes and Douai
- 155: Mechanical transport halted on road
- 156: Lieutenants Borton and Small in their Henri Farman
- 157: The stand made at Le Cateau was a great fight against odds
- 158: Three Batteries halted in field 1 1 2 m
- 159: Moved on the 31st through Lassigny
- 160: Occupying the Marne crossings west of Chateau Thierry
- 161: But the aeroplanes could not leave
- 162: If machines had left the last aerodromes
- 163: Major Longcroft with Captain Dawes as passenger
- 164: Which came to be called corps squadrons
- 165: But only a delaying stand on the Marne
- 166: And on the 12th to Fere en Tardenois
- 167: When the squadrons had newly arrived at Saponay
- 168: Maubeuge had fallen on the 7th of September and
- 169: During the battle of the Aisne
- 170: Along a line extending from Albert to Lens
- 171: From Fere en Tardenois by way of Abbeville
- 172: When the situation at Antwerp had become critical
- 173: And a machine without wireless was sent instead
- 174: Which had a share in the services of a wireless aeroplane
- 175: When the attack on Ypres had failed and died away
- 176: Were returning from a reconnaissance
- 177: Thirty nine aeroplanes and fifty two seaplanes
- 178: And his private house at Eastchurch
- 179: It will be seen that the Parseval
- 180: Wind strong Wly
- 181: These were both Henri Farman seaplanes
- 182: It was found that the seaplanes
- 183: This was the Eastchurch squadron
- 184: The aeroplanes flew by way of Dunkirk
- 185: And their car made off to Bailleul
- 186: Practically the whole of Lille appeared to be here
- 187: Just outside the town of Doullens
- 188: The cars made a reconnaissance to Aniche
- 189: I ordered the marines out of the cars on to the roadway
- 190: Who had relieved General Aston in command of the Marines
- 191: He glided down at Duesseldorf from a height of 6
- 192: During the evacuation of Antwerp
- 193: Seddon the seaplanes did some good work
- 194: And alongside the Zeebrugge mole
- 195: Illustration Friedrichshafen Raid
- 196: 873 several miles to starboard
- 197: And had thereby violated Swiss neutrality
- 198: Escorting the three seaplane carriers
- 199: Were very like British seaplanes
- 200: A single aeroplane again dropped a bomb
- 201: Three officers of the South African Aviation Corps
- 202: If suitable aeroplanes are available
- 203: The British hate elaborate organization
- 204: With Captain Ellington in charge
- 205: The son of Captain Montague Trenchard
- 206: A short account of Colonel Brancker
- 207: The aeroplane arrived at Aurangabad early in January 1911
- 208: The output of the Rolls Royce works
- 209: They swore by the Sopwith Camel
- 210: Major General Sir Sefton Brancker
- 211: New aerodromes were established at Norwich
- 212: When I come down to Farnborough
- 213: With headquarters at Farnborough
- 214: When the squadrons got into touch with the corps commands
- 215: General Trenchard averted this danger
- 216: General Trenchard never forgot this
- 217: And all were veterans in aviation
- 218: But if more depends on the pilot
- 219: As the British expeditionary force grew
- 220: General Trenchard took another step forward
- 221: A fortnight before the battles of the Somme opened
- 222: At the time when Sir Douglas Haig wrote
- 223: Pilots could be turned out more rapidly than machines
- 224: Accidents to seaplanes were so numerous
- 225: Often called 'Drachen' balloons
- 226: The French kite balloon centre
- 227: But the seaplane was not seaworthy
- 228: He was given the command of the Felixstowe Naval Air Station
- 229: In the first place the seaplane
- 230: Formed at Zeebrugge a flight of torpedo seaplanes
- 231: Who had produced the Wight seaplane
- 232: While reconnaissance continued to be
- 233: Wrote Lieutenant Colonel Brancker
- 234: The squadron consisted of six two seater Sopwiths
- 235: From July 1917 onwards the naval squadrons
- 236: The Sheerness office was under the Nore command
- 237: 'Is the personnel of the air stations'
- 238: The immediate motive for this was disciplinary
- 239: One of these wings was based at Dunkirk
